3,432 research outputs found
UHE neutrino damping in a thermal gas of relic neutrinos
We present a calculation of the damping of an ultra-energetic (UHE) cosmic
neutrino travelling through the thermal gas of relic neutrinos, using the
formalism of finite-temperature field theory. From the self-energy diagram due
to Z exchange, we obtain the annihilation cross section for an UHE neutrino
interacting with an antineutrino from the background. This method allows us to
derive the full expressions for the UHE neutrino transmission probability,
taking into account the momentum of relic neutrinos. We compare our results
with the approximations in use in the literature. We discuss the effect of
thermal motion on the shape of the absorption dips for different UHE neutrino
fluxes as well as in the context of relic neutrino clustering. We find that for
ratios of the neutrino mass to the relic background temperature or
smaller, the thermal broadening of the absorption lines could significantly
affect the determination of the neutrino mass and of the characteristics of the
population of UHE sources.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures. Typos corrected. More accurate treatment of the
interaction with relic neutrino clusters. Accepted for publication in
Astroparticle Physic
Thermal effects on the absorption of ultra-high energy neutrinos by the cosmic neutrino background
We use the formalism of finite-temperature field theory to study the
interactions of ultra-high energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos with the background of
relic neutrinos and to derive general expressions for the UHE neutrino
transmission probability. This approach allows us to take into account the
thermal effects introduced by the momentum distribution of the relic neutrinos.
We compare our results with the approximate expressions existing in the
literature and discuss the influence of thermal effects on the absorption dips
in the context of favoured neutrino mass schemes, as well as in the case of
clustered relic neutrinos.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures. Prepared for the Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics
(TAUP 2005), Zaragoza (Spain), September 10-14, 200
Tunability of Critical Casimir Interactions by Boundary Conditions
We experimentally demonstrate that critical Casimir forces in colloidal
systems can be continuously tuned by the choice of boundary conditions. The
interaction potential of a colloidal particle in a mixture of water and
2,6-lutidine has been measured above a substrate with a gradient in its
preferential adsorption properties for the mixture's components. We find that
the interaction potentials at constant temperature but different positions
relative to the gradient continuously change from attraction to repulsion. This
demonstrates that critical Casimir forces respond not only to minute
temperature changes but also to small changes in the surface properties.Comment: 4 figures;
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0295-5075/88/2/26001/epl_88_2_26001.htm
The Offline Software Framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to unveil the nature and the origins
of the highest energy cosmic rays. The large and geographically dispersed
collaboration of physicists and the wide-ranging collection of simulation and
reconstruction tasks pose some special challenges for the offline analysis
software. We have designed and implemented a general purpose framework which
allows collaborators to contribute algorithms and sequencing instructions to
build up the variety of applications they require. The framework includes
machinery to manage these user codes, to organize the abundance of
user-contributed configuration files, to facilitate multi-format file handling,
and to provide access to event and time-dependent detector information which
can reside in various data sources. A number of utilities are also provided,
including a novel geometry package which allows manipulation of abstract
geometrical objects independent of coordinate system choice. The framework is
implemented in C++, and takes advantage of object oriented design and common
open source tools, while keeping the user side simple enough for C++ novices to
learn in a reasonable time. The distribution system incorporates unit and
acceptance testing in order to support rapid development of both the core
framework and contributed user code.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, presented at IEEE NSS/MIC, 23-29 October 2005,
Puerto Ric
Silicon Photonics for Coherent Terahertz Generation and Detection
Silicon-plasmonic internal photoemission devices can act as photomixers for generating terahertz frequency carriers (T-waves) for transmitters (Tx), or they function as receivers (Rx) for coherently downconverting Twave signals to the baseband. In a first demonstration, we monolithically integrate a Tx and a Rx on a silicon chip and operate them in a carrier frequency range up to 1THz . With a co-integrated transmission line both components can be connected
Individual Taxation Report
Recent developments affecting taxation of individuals, including legislation, regulations, and IRS guidance, are presented in Code section order
Critical Casimir effect in classical binary liquid mixtures
If a fluctuating medium is confined, the ensuing perturbation of its
fluctuation spectrum generates Casimir-like effective forces acting on its
confining surfaces. Near a continuous phase transition of such a medium the
corresponding order parameter fluctuations occur on all length scales and
therefore close to the critical point this effect acquires a universal
character, i.e., to a large extent it is independent of the microscopic details
of the actual system. Accordingly it can be calculated theoretically by
studying suitable representative model systems.
We report on the direct measurement of critical Casimir forces by total
internal reflection microscopy (TIRM), with femto-Newton resolution. The
corresponding potentials are determined for individual colloidal particles
floating above a substrate under the action of the critical thermal noise in
the solvent medium, constituted by a binary liquid mixture of water and
2,6-lutidine near its lower consolute point. Depending on the relative
adsorption preferences of the colloid and substrate surfaces with respect to
the two components of the binary liquid mixture, we observe that, upon
approaching the critical point of the solvent, attractive or repulsive forces
emerge and supersede those prevailing away from it. Based on the knowledge of
the critical Casimir forces acting in film geometries within the Ising
universality class and with equal or opposing boundary conditions, we provide
the corresponding theoretical predictions for the sphere-planar wall geometry
of the experiment. The experimental data for the effective potential can be
interpreted consistently in terms of these predictions and a remarkable
quantitative agreement is observed.Comment: 30 pages, 17 figure
Normal and lateral critical Casimir forces between colloids and patterned substrates
We study the normal and lateral effective critical Casimir forces acting on a
spherical colloid immersed in a critical binary solvent and close to a
chemically structured substrate with alternating adsorption preference. We
calculate the universal scaling function for the corresponding potential and
compare our results with recent experimental data [Soyka F., Zvyagolskaya O.,
Hertlein C., Helden L., and Bechinger C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 208301
(2008)]. The experimental potentials are properly captured by our predictions
only by accounting for geometrical details of the substrate pattern for which,
according to our theory, critical Casimir forces turn out to be a sensitive
probe.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
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