A critical survey of the classical and quantum statistics, with reference to their applications in the theory of metals

The classical (Maxwell-Boltzmann) and quantum (Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein) statistics are applied to the particles in a given system, and the results compared and contrasted with reference to the Theory of Metals. In particular, it is shown that the electrons in a metal have a zero-point energy, and their contribution to the specific heat of the metal is negligible at ordinary temperatures. The two forms of statistics are then applied to obtain expressions for the electron emission from hot metals (Richardson effect) and the electrical and thermal conductivities of metals.<p

Advanced Level Physics

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The Morecambe Bay Curriculum : Bringing about culture change through education

Inspired by news of the Eden Project Morecambe, a collective of educators launched the Morecambe Bay Curriculum (MBC) to explore how themes of environment, sustainability and place could be weaved into everyday teaching across all phases of education. The MBC is an educator-led movement, supported by Lancaster University and Lancaster and Morecambe College, which seeks to improve the educational outcomes of local people. As a collective, we aim to support the move towards net zero by empowering teachers to develop innovative approaches to education which explore local environmental challenges. By encouraging young people to develop the environmental behaviours needed to become future change-makers, teachers are developing a culture in the area where sustainable and pro-ecological practices are the norm. This paper reports on the groundwork for the MBC and how this has led to an innovative curriculum design project. Collectively teachers and Lancaster University academics are designing content to support local educators, drawing on themes of place and sustainability. Whilst this work is still in its early stages, we share our reflections on the importance of prioritising community voices and communal ownership of the initiative, showing how this contributes towards cultural change

Mechanics and prepertics matter

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Effect of material and process variability on the formability of aluminium alloys

Automotive parts are increasingly being manufactured to be lighter and stronger to minimise the environmental impact and to improve the crash performance of automobiles. The materials that are being used to achieve these aims tend to have lower formabilities compared to the traditionally used mild steel. This is particularly true for cold forming operations. As a consequence of the smaller forming window that is available, there is a greater need to understand the safety margins that are applied when manufacturing parts made from these materials. These safety margins are determined by estimations of the impact of material and process variabilities on formability as well as the attitude that is adopted towards risk. This study looked at the impact of material and process variabilities on the cold formability of two aluminium grades: AA6111-T4 and AA5754-O. The forming factors studied included changes to overall material properties, tool surface roughness, quantity of lubricant, tooling temperature and gauge. Because of the complexity of the forming process, the problem was reduced to a study of formability under plane strain stretch conditions. Particular emphasis was placed in quantifying the temperature of tooling during cold forming and understanding its effect on formability. It was found that the safety factor applied to AA5754-O can be lower than that used for AA6111-T4