Underground parallel pipelines domino effect: An analysis based on pipeline crater models and historical accidents

This paper focuses on the analysis of the possibility of domino effect in underground parallel pipelines relying on historical accident data and pipeline crater models. An underground pipeline can be considered as safe following an accident with an adjacent gas or liquefied pipeline when it remains outside the ground crater generated. In order to prevent the domino effect in these cases, the design of parallel pipelines has to consider adequate pipeline separations based on the crater width, which is one of the widely used methods in engineering applications. The objective of this work is the analysis of underground petroleum product pipelines ruptures with the formation of a ground crater as well as the evaluation of possible domino effects in these cases. A detailed literature survey has been carried out to review existing crater models along with a historical analysis of past accidents. A FORTRAN code has been implemented to assess the performance of the Gasunie, the Batelle and the Advantica crater models. In addition to this, a novel Accident-Based crater model has been presented, which allows the prediction of the crater width as a function of the relevant design pipeline parameters as well as the soil density. Modifications have also been made to the Batelle and Accident-Based models in order to overcome the underestimation of the crater width. The calculated crater widths have been compared with real accident data and the performance evaluation showed that the proposed Accident-Based model has a better performance compared to other models studied in this work. The analysis of forty-eight past accidents indicated a major potential of underground parallel pipelines domino effect which is proven by two real cases taken from the literature. Relying on the investigated accidents, the crater width was smaller than or equal to 20 m in most cases indicating that the definition of underground pipeline separations at around 10 m would be sufficient to ensure a small probability of the domino effect

Factorial Design to Optimize Biosurfactant Production by Yarrowia lipolytica

In order to improve biosurfactant production by Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682, a factorial design was carried out. A 24 full factorial design was used to investigate the effects of nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, and peptone) on maximum variation of surface tension (ΔST) and emulsification index (EI). The best results (67.7% of EI and 20.9 mN m−1 of ΔST) were obtained in a medium composed of 10 g 1−1 of ammonium sulfate and 0.5 g 1−1 of yeast extract. Then, the effects of carbon sources (glycerol, hexadecane, olive oil, and glucose) were evaluated. The most favorable medium for biosurfactant production was composed of both glucose (4% w/v) and glycerol (2% w/v), which provided an EI of 81.3% and a ΔST of 19.5 mN m−1. The experimental design optimization enhanced ΔEI by 110.7% and ΔST by 108.1% in relation to the standard process

Nanopartícula, processo de encapsulação simultânea de nanopartículas magnéticas e fármacos, composição farmacêutica para o tratamento de câncer e uso de nanopartículas magnéticas e fármacos encapsulados simultaneamente

DepositadaA presente invenção revela uma nanopartícula que compreende pelo menos um fármaco, nanopartículas magnéticas e pelo menos um polímero e um processo caracterizado fundamentalmente pela encapsulação in-situ de fármacos e NPMs pela técnica de polimerização em miniemulsão com auxílio da técnica de nanoprecipitação que inclui na primeira etapa um fármaco solúvel em um solvente polar e na segunda etapa inclui um monômero hidrofóbico, iniciador hidrofóbico, surfactante, co-estabilizador e um material hidrofóbico

Processo para produção de polianilinas condutoras sensíveis à compressão, materiais resultantes do processo e uso dos materiais como sensores de pressão

Em 19/12/2016: Restauração de pedido, patente ou certificado de adição de invençãoDepositadaSão descritos polímeros condutores sensíveis à compressão baseados na síntese de polianilina (Pani) em diferentes meios reacionais compostos por água e compostos orgânicos parcialmente ou totalmente solúveis, como o álcool isopropílico (também denominado isopropanol) e a acetona. As diferentes polianilinas obtidas são dopadas com ácido, como o ácido dodecilbenzenossulfônico (DBSA), o que as transforma em materiais condutores de eletricidade. As polianilinas são preparadas através de uma técnica de única etapa na presença do meio reacional adequado, seguida da recuperação do polímero por precipitação em não solvente, como o etanol, e posterior secagem. Após estes processos, os pós-obtidos são prensados em moldes, puros ou misturados com outros materiais. Quando os moldes condutores são colocados entre lâminas de circuitos eletroeletrônicos e submetidos a uma diferença de potencial elétrico, ao mesmo tempo em que é exercida pressão sobre o conjunto de lâminas e o molde, ocorre variação na condutividade elétrica do molde condutor, o que caracteriza o sistema como um sensor de pressão

Processo para aumentar a eficiência da eletrocoalescência de emulsões água e óleo

DepositadaÉ descrito um processo para aumentar a eficiência da eletrocoalescência de emulsões água/óleo (A/O) formadas em instalações de tratamento de petróleo nas etapas de dessalgação e desidratação, dito processo compreendendo formar uma composição incluindo entre 0,001 % e 50% em peso de triglicerídeos vegetais, animais ou sintéticos, petróleo e água entre 2% e 40% de água, preferencialmente entre 5% e 25% de água em peso, e submeter tal composição a um campo eletrostático sob corrente alternada ou contínua ou ambas, alternada e contínua, no interior de um vaso, e recuperando ao término do processo duas fases líquidas, sendo uma aquosa e outra oleosa, separando a fase oleosa com rendimento maior do que em processos de eletrocoalescência que não empregam a composição contendo triglicerídeos vegetais, animais ou sintéticos, petróleo e água. Também é descrita a composição utilizada no dito processo

Synthesis and characterization of Supeparamagnetics Microspheres (PMMA) via suspension polymerization

Magnetics nanoparticles (NPMs) has found many applications in biomedical and technological areas. The objective of this work is the preparation and characterization of PMMA microspheres containing NPMs coated with oleic acid (NPMs-AO). For the preparation of MNPs-AO was used the coprecipitation method in an aqueous medium. For the preparation of the superparamagnetic microspheres used in suspension polymerization technique. The microspheres showed a size distribution particles of approximately 150um and a spherical morphology. From the analysis of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) determined the number average molecular weight (Mw) of the magnetics microspheres and there was a variation in the Mw depending on the concentration of MNPs-AO in this reaction. To analyze the magnetic properties used the vibrating sample magnetometer (MAV). The microspheres showed superparamagnetic properties and a value of saturation magnetization (Ms) of about 8 emu/g MNPs. Therefore you can conclude that it is possible to obtain superparamagnetics microspheres for a particular application, either, biomedical or technological

Structural and magnetic transformations in the Fe-Mn binary system

The phase transformations of five binary iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) alloys with manganese contents ranging from 1 to 21 weight percent have been characterized in the temperature range between room temperature and 1250 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry were used to experimentally characterize both the phases and magnetic transformation temperatures. X-ray diffraction and light optical microscopy were employed for the room temperature microstructure characterization. Depending on the manganese content of the alloy, three different crystal structures can be found: body centered cubic (bcc) (alpha/alpha '), face centered cubic (fcc) (gamma), and hexagonal compact (hcp) (epsilon). At manganese contents lower than 10% the phases present are the alpha/alpha ' (bcc) and gamma (fcc). Above similar to 10 weight percent manganese increasing amounts of epsilon (hcp) is formed at the expense of the body centered cubic structures, and no alpha/alpha ' (bcc) is observed for the 21 weight-percent manganese alloy

Análise estatística e optimização de perfis de redução termoprogramada (TPR) Statistical analysis and optimization of temperature programmed reduction (TPR) analysis

<abstract language="eng">The effect of operational variables and their interaction in TPR profiles was studied using a fractional factorial experimental design. The heating rate and the reducing agent concentration were found to be the most important variables determining the resolution and sensitivity of the technique. They showed opposite effects. Therefore, they should be manipulated preferentially in order to obtain optimized TPR profiles. The effect of sample particle size was also investigated. The tests were carried out within a Cu/Zn/Al2O3 catalyst used for the water-gas shift reaction that presented two distinct species of Cu2+ in TPR profiles

Cinética de redução do catalisador CuO/ZnO/Al2O3

The reduction kinetics of a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst by hydrogen was investigated isothermally and by temperature programmed reduction (TPR). Two reducible Cu2+ species were detected; the first one was identified as CuO bulk and the other as Cu2+ strongly interacting with alumina, possibly in the form of copper aluminate. The activation energies for the reduction of these two species were 60 and 90 kJ mol-1, respectively, and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was one. The isothermal reduction data showed that the isotropic growth model is the most appropriate to describe the reaction rate data for both Cu2+ species