A Study of Principals\u27 Perceptions of Job Stress in the Six-County Region 11 Educational Service Region, East Central, Illinois

The purpose of the study was to investigate the degree of stress principals perceive in the work environment. Specifically this study compared the actual perceived stress experienced on the job with what principals deem to be a reasonable amount of stress. The study was predicated on the research findings that indicate that the amount of stress is relative to a given individual as opposed to being an absolute quality. A review of the research and literature revealed that few publications have been targeted towards stress and the educational administrator. The implications of job related stress, as it impacts on the effectiveness of the principal, required a more thorough investigation of the stress phenomenon. A Principal Job Stress Survey questionnaire was developed to gain information concerning a principal’s perceived “actual situation” of stress and what he believes to be a “reasonable situation” pertaining to stress relative to a given factor. This instrument utilized the dual criteria of the interactionist model in identifying the level of stress in each principal. It is hypothesized that the actual and preceived view of the principal in relation to stressors in the environment provided an evaluative result identifying a definite level of stress. The questionnaire was mailed to sixty-one principals in educational service region #11 in Illinois. A response rate of eighty-three percent was obtained. A dependent t test was utilized to compare the mean actual score with the mean reasonable situation score from the Principal Job Stress Survey for each respondent. Chi square was used to compare observed frequencies by certain categories of respondents to expected frequencies and descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency counts were also utilized. It was found that: Nearly one-half (45%) of the principals surveyed experienced significant stress in the work environment. A diagnostic instrument should be developed which specifically determines whether or not, on an over-all basis, principals are experiencing significant stress and specifically identifies which variables are causing the stress. The psychological and behavioral disposition of a principal (Type A of Type B) is not significantly related to perceived stress. Job satisfaction is not significantly related to stress, and it would not be beneficial for principals that have stress to reduce it by focusing on variables related to job satisfaction. Certain factors intrinsic to the job are a source of stress for most principals. Factor analyses of the principal ratings of job stressors identified four primary categories of job-related factors that cause significant stress: Excessive workload Time demands Interpersonal relations Disparity between what the principal accomplishes and what he or she would like to achieve Finally, it was recommended that the group of principals experiencing high work related stress, as well as those individuals experiencing stress from a select number of job-related factors, consult the popular literature concerning stress prevention and coping skills

A Study of Principals\u27 Perceptions of Job Stress in the Six-County Region 11 Educational Service Region, East Central, Illinois

The purpose of the study was to investigate the degree of stress principals perceive in the work environment. Specifically this study compared the actual perceived stress experienced on the job with what principals deem to be a reasonable amount of stress. The study was predicated on the research findings that indicate that the amount of stress is relative to a given individual as opposed to being an absolute quality. A review of the research and literature revealed that few publications have been targeted towards stress and the educational administrator. The implications of job related stress, as it impacts on the effectiveness of the principal, required a more thorough investigation of the stress phenomenon. A Principal Job Stress Survey questionnaire was developed to gain information concerning a principal’s perceived “actual situation” of stress and what he believes to be a “reasonable situation” pertaining to stress relative to a given factor. This instrument utilized the dual criteria of the interactionist model in identifying the level of stress in each principal. It is hypothesized that the actual and preceived view of the principal in relation to stressors in the environment provided an evaluative result identifying a definite level of stress. The questionnaire was mailed to sixty-one principals in educational service region #11 in Illinois. A response rate of eighty-three percent was obtained. A dependent t test was utilized to compare the mean actual score with the mean reasonable situation score from the Principal Job Stress Survey for each respondent. Chi square was used to compare observed frequencies by certain categories of respondents to expected frequencies and descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency counts were also utilized. It was found that: Nearly one-half (45%) of the principals surveyed experienced significant stress in the work environment. A diagnostic instrument should be developed which specifically determines whether or not, on an over-all basis, principals are experiencing significant stress and specifically identifies which variables are causing the stress. The psychological and behavioral disposition of a principal (Type A of Type B) is not significantly related to perceived stress. Job satisfaction is not significantly related to stress, and it would not be beneficial for principals that have stress to reduce it by focusing on variables related to job satisfaction. Certain factors intrinsic to the job are a source of stress for most principals. Factor analyses of the principal ratings of job stressors identified four primary categories of job-related factors that cause significant stress: Excessive workload Time demands Interpersonal relations Disparity between what the principal accomplishes and what he or she would like to achieve Finally, it was recommended that the group of principals experiencing high work related stress, as well as those individuals experiencing stress from a select number of job-related factors, consult the popular literature concerning stress prevention and coping skills

Epithelial–Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Sac and Literature Review of the Lacrimal System

Background Epithelial–myoepithelial carcinomas make up less than 0.1% of head and neck malignancies and are regarded as rare, low-grade malignant neoplasms of the salivary gland. They are thought to arise from intercalated ducts with histopathology showing a classic biphasic morphology of an outer layer of myoepithelial cells and inner layer of epithelial cells. These tumors most commonly occur in the parotid gland; however, rare cases have also been described in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, subglottis, base of tongue, and the lacrimal gland. Objective To describe the clinical presentation, surgical management, and histopathology of the first reported case of lacrimal sac epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma. To conduct a literature review of this malignancy, which is present in the lacrimal system. Methods Case report (n = 1) and literature review. Results We report a case of a 72-year-old man presenting with epiphora and a lacrimal sac mass with intranasal extension on imaging and nasal endoscopy. A combined endoscopic endonasal and open approach provided successful definitive treatment for final pathologic diagnosis of epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma of the lacrimal sac, with orbital reconstruction and lacrimal stenting providing good cosmetic and functional results. Conclusions After PubMed database search for any case series or reports of lacrimal system epithelial–myoepithelial carcinomas, we believe this is the first documented case originating from the lacrimal sac. Although the histopathology of this tumor is distinct, unusual location and clinical presentation may pose significant diagnostic difficulties

Glaucoma surgery calculator: limited additive IOP effect of phacoemulsification on Ab Interno Trabeculectomy

Purpose: To compare reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) after Trabectome in pseudophakic patients and Trabectome combined with phacoemulsification (Trabectome-phaco) in phakic patients. Methods: Cases were excluded if patients were followed for less than 12 months, diagnosed with neovascular glaucoma, or required additional glaucoma surgery within 12 months after Trabectome or Trabectome-phaco. Missing data such as type of glaucoma, gender, or age was imputed by generating 5 similar but non-identical datasets. Groups were matched using Coarsened Exact Matching based on age, gender, type of glaucoma, race, preoperative number of glaucoma medications and baseline IOP. Linear regression was used to examine IOP reduction after surgery. Results: A total of 612 cases were included in the study with 248 Trabectome cases and 364 Trabectome-phaco cases. Baseline IOP was found to be statistically significant. An average of 0.73±0.03 mmHg IOP reduction is associated with an increment of 1 mmHg in baseline IOP. Type of surgery was not statistically significant after adjusting for baseline IOP, age, baseline number of glaucoma medications and type of glaucoma. Conclusion: Patients with higher baseline IOP are expected to have a greater IOP reduction

Similar Performance of Trabectome and Ahmed Glaucoma Devices in a Propensity Score-matched Comparison

Purpose: To apply propensity score matching to Ahmed glaucoma drainage implants (AGI) to trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT). Recent data suggest that AIT can produce results similar to AGI traditionally reserved for more severe glaucoma. Methods: AGI and AIT patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. The primary outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medications, and a Glaucoma Index (GI) score. GI reflected glaucoma severity based on visual field, the number of preoperative medications, and preoperative IOP. Score matching used a genetic algorithm consisting of age, sex, type of glaucoma, concurrent phacoemulsification, baseline number of medications, and baseline IOP. Patients without a close match were excluded. Results: Of 152 patients, 34 AIT patients were matched to 32 AGI patients. Baseline characteristics including ethnicity, IOP, the number of medications, glaucoma type, the degree of visual field loss and GI were not significantly different between AIT and AGI. AIT had a preoperative IOP of 23.6±8.1 mm Hg compared with 26.5+10.6 mm Hg for AGI. At 12 months, the mean IOP was 15.0±9 mm Hg for AIT versus 15.0±4 mm Hg for AGI (P=0.8), whereas the number of drops was 2.3±2.2 for AIT versus 3.6±1.3 for AGI (P=0.016). Only 6 AIT patients (17.6%) required further surgery within the first 12 months versus 9 (28%) for AGI. Success, defined as IOP<21 mm Hg, <20% reduction and no reoperation, was achieved in 76% of AIT versus 69% of AGI (P=0.48). Complications occurred in 13% of AGI and 0.8% of AIT. Conclusions: A propensity score-matched comparison of AIT and AGI showed an equivalent IOP reduction through 1 year. Surprisingly, the AGI group required more glaucoma medications than the AIT group at 6 and 12 months

Glaucoma Surgery Calculator: Limited Additive Effect of Phacoemulsification on Intraocular Pressure in Ab Interno Trabeculectomy.

PurposeTo compare intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and to develop a predictive surgery calculator based on the results between trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy in pseudophakic patients versus phacoemulsification combined with trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy in phakic patients.MethodsThis observational surgical cohort study analyzed pseudophakic patients who received trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) or phacoemulsification combined with AIT (phaco-AIT). Follow up for less than 12 months or neovascular glaucoma led to exclusion. Missing data was imputed by generating 5 similar but non-identical datasets. Groups were matched using Coarsened Exact Matching based on age, gender, type of glaucoma, race, preoperative number of glaucoma medications and baseline intraocular pressure (IOP). Linear regression was used to examine the outcome measures consisting of IOP and medications.ResultsOf 949 cases, 587 were included consisting of 235 AIT and 352 phaco-AIT. Baseline IOP between groups was statistically significant (p≤0.01) in linear regression models and was minimized after Coarsened Exact Matching. An increment of 1 mmHg in baseline IOP was associated with a 0.73±0.03 mmHg IOP reduction. Phaco-AIT had an IOP reduction that was only 0.73±0.32 mmHg greater than that of AIT. The resulting calculator to determine IOP reduction consisted of the formula -13.54+0.73 × (phacoemulsification yes:1, no:0) + 0.73 × (baseline IOP) + 0.59 × (secondary open angle glaucoma yes:1, no:0) + 0.03 × (age) + 0.09 × (medications).ConclusionsThis predictive calculator for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery can assist clinical decision making. Only a small additional IOP reduction was observed when phacoemulsification was added to AIT. Patients with a higher baseline IOP had a greater IOP reduction

Glaucoma Surgery Calculator: Limited Additive Effect of Phacoemulsification on Intraocular Pressure in Ab Interno Trabeculectomy.

PURPOSE:To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and to develop a predictive surgery calculator based on the results between trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy in pseudophakic patients versus phacoemulsification combined with trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy in phakic patients. METHODS:This observational surgical cohort study analyzed pseudophakic patients who received trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) or phacoemulsification combined with AIT (phaco-AIT). Follow up for less than 12 months or neovascular glaucoma led to exclusion. Missing data was imputed by generating 5 similar but non-identical datasets. Groups were matched using Coarsened Exact Matching based on age, gender, type of glaucoma, race, preoperative number of glaucoma medications and baseline intraocular pressure (IOP). Linear regression was used to examine the outcome measures consisting of IOP and medications. RESULTS:Of 949 cases, 587 were included consisting of 235 AIT and 352 phaco-AIT. Baseline IOP between groups was statistically significant (p≤0.01) in linear regression models and was minimized after Coarsened Exact Matching. An increment of 1 mmHg in baseline IOP was associated with a 0.73±0.03 mmHg IOP reduction. Phaco-AIT had an IOP reduction that was only 0.73±0.32 mmHg greater than that of AIT. The resulting calculator to determine IOP reduction consisted of the formula -13.54+0.73 × (phacoemulsification yes:1, no:0) + 0.73 × (baseline IOP) + 0.59 × (secondary open angle glaucoma yes:1, no:0) + 0.03 × (age) + 0.09 × (medications). CONCLUSIONS:This predictive calculator for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery can assist clinical decision making. Only a small additional IOP reduction was observed when phacoemulsification was added to AIT. Patients with a higher baseline IOP had a greater IOP reduction

Multivariate linear regression of patient parameters that were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) in univariate linear regression.

<p>Multivariate linear regression of patient parameters that were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) in univariate linear regression.</p

Raw data demographics of study population.

<p>Demographics for AIT-only and phaco-AIT show significant difference (p < 0.05) for age, gender, baseline IOP, and baseline number of medications in unmatched data.</p