Formación de calculos renales de oxalato cálcico en mamíferos

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the main inorganic component of urolithiasis and is mainly present in the formation of kidney stones in humans. Additionally, oxalocalcic urolithiasis has become the most frequent type of kidney stones, for instance, oxalocalcic urolithiasis has substantially increased in dogs and cats over the last decades. In urolithiasis, urine is supersaturated with calcium and oxalate ions that promote nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It is accepted that the presence of acidic macromolecules and inorganic compounds in urine is responsible not only for the molecular processes involved in lithiasis but also for the adhesion and endocytosis by renal epithelial cells. Patients with the tendency to form kidney stones may have an alteration in the structure and/or function of some inhibitors of crystallization. In the current review, we describe some general aspects of epidemiology and pathophysiology of oxalocalcic urolithiasis.  

Past, Present, and Future of Simultaneous Localization And Mapping: Towards the Robust-Perception Age

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)consists in the concurrent construction of a model of the environment (the map), and the estimation of the state of the robot moving within it. The SLAM community has made astonishing progress over the last 30 years, enabling large-scale real-world applications, and witnessing a steady transition of this technology to industry. We survey the current state of SLAM. We start by presenting what is now the de-facto standard formulation for SLAM. We then review related work, covering a broad set of topics including robustness and scalability in long-term mapping, metric and semantic representations for mapping, theoretical performance guarantees, active SLAM and exploration, and other new frontiers. This paper simultaneously serves as a position paper and tutorial to those who are users of SLAM. By looking at the published research with a critical eye, we delineate open challenges and new research issues, that still deserve careful scientific investigation. The paper also contains the authors' take on two questions that often animate discussions during robotics conferences: Do robots need SLAM? and Is SLAM solved

Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 from pigs affected with PMWS in Chile reveals intergenotypic recombination

Background: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a very small, non-enveloped and icosahedral virus, with circular single stranded DNA genome. This virus is the most ubiquitous and persistent pathogen currently affecting the swine industry worldwide. PCV2 has been implicated as the major causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a disease which is characterized by severe immunosuppressive effects in the porcine host. Worldwide PCV2 isolates have been classified into four different genotypes, PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c and PCVd. The goal of this work was to conduct the first phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 in Chile. Methods: PCV2 partial ORF2 sequences (462 nt) obtained from 29 clinical cases of PMWS in 22 Chilean intensive swine farms, covering over the 90% of the local pork-production, were analyzed. Results: 14% and 52% of sequences belonged to the genotypes PCV2a and PCV2b, respectively. Surprisingly, 34% of sequences were PCV2a/PCV2d recombinant viruses. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that a novel cluster of Chilean sequences emerged resulting from intergenotypic recombination between PCV2a and PCV2d

Formulación de un modelo de integración basados en la metodología ágil scrum y el marco de buenas prácticas de Itil V4, para el proceso de mejora del servicio de devoluciones de mercancía, en la empresa Flexon.

Al implementar un marco de referencia ITIL v4, con la metodología ágil SCRUM, se mejorara el servicio de devoluciones en el área de bodega, en Flexon Estructuras y Herrajes SAS Funza. La empresa adoptará nuevas metodologías mejorando en el proceso de gestión del servicio de devoluciones de mercancía, alcanzando mejoras en los tiempos de respuesta, visibilidad de la información y empoderamiento del proceso con las metodologías ágiles SCRUM, donde tendrá una visibilidad del proceso para poder actuar sobre las personas involucradas alcanzando la confianza de los clientes y confiabilidad del servicio involucrado de devoluciones.By implementing an ITIL v4 framework, with the agile SCRUM methodology, the returns service in the warehouse area will be improved in Flexon Estructuras y Herrajes SAS Funza. The company will adopt new methodologies to improve the management process of the merchandise returns service, achieving improvements in response times, visibility of information and empowerment of the process with agile SCRUM methodologies, where it will have a visibility of the process to act on the people involved to achieve customer confidence and reliability of the service involved in returns. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)1 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA. -- 1.1 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA. -- 1.2 JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA. -- 2 OBJETIVOS. -- 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL. -- 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS. -- 3 MARCOS DE REFERENCIA. -- 3.1 MARCO TEÓRICO. -- 3.1.1 EL PROCESO. -- 3.1.2 ROLES EN SCRUM. -- 3.1.3 PRINCIPIOS BÁSICOS DE LA METODOLOGÍA DE SCRUM. -- 3.1.4 REGLAS ASOCIADAS A LOS ROLES DE SCRUM. -- 3.1.5 PROTOCOLOS DE SCRUM. -- 3.1.6 LAS CUATRO DIMENSIONES DE LA GESTIÓN DE SERVICIOS. -- 3.1.7 LA CADENA DE VALOR DEL SERVICIO ITIL. -- 4 METODOLOGÍA. -- 4.1 PRINCIPIOS GUÍA ITIL V4. -- 4.2 LAS 4 DIMENSIONES DE GESTIÓN DE SERVICIOS. -- 4.2.1 ORGANIZACIONES Y PERSONAS. -- 4.2.2 INFORMACIÓN Y TECNOLOGÍA. -- 4.2.3 SOCIOS Y PROVEEDORES. -- 4.2.4FLUJOS DE VALOR Y PROCESOS. -- 5 DIAGNOSTICO. -- 5.1 DISEÑO INGENIERIL. -- 5.2 ENFOQUE EN VALOR. -- 5.3 EMPEZAR DONDE SE ESTA. -- 5.4 DEFINICIÓN Y PLANEACIÓN DEL SPRINT. -- 5.4.1 SELECCIÓN DE REQUISITOS. -- 5.4.2 EJECUCIÓN DE LA ITERACIÓN - PROGRESAR ITERATIVAMENTE Y CON RETROALIMENTACIÓN. -- 5.4.3 COLABORAR Y PROMOVER VISIBILIDAD. -- 5.4.4 MANTENERLO SIMPLE Y PRACTICO. -- 5.4.5 REVISIÓN Y RETROSPECTIVA – COLABORAR Y PROMOVER VISIBILIDAD. -- 5.4.6 OPTIMIZAR Y AUTOMATIZAR. -- 5.4.7 LANZAMIENTO – PENSAR Y TRABAJAR HOLÍSTICAMENTE. -- 6 CONCLUSIONES. -- 7 RECOMENDACIONES. -- 8 BIBLIOGRAFÍA

The influence of software engineering on industrial automation processes

The topic dealt with in the document mainly covers the influence of service-oriented architecture and how services are orchestrated among themselves for the development of more robust and dynamic applications aimed at solving problems presented in the design of industrial automation systems. Currently, industries are compelling to use new systems that support the dynamics that organizations face. However, the current systems of companies lack this dynamism, which often makes it impossible to implement new functionalities to the processes of autonomous production, due to the lack of flexibility and agility to respond to the dynamics of production styles that are experienced today. Software engineering contributes to the dynamics in the area of industrial automation, highlighting significant improvements in the configuration of systems implemented in the field of industrial automation.La temática tratada en el documento abarca principalmente la influencia de la arquitectura orientada al servicio y de cómo los servicios se orquestan entre sí para el desarrollo de aplicaciones más robustas y dinámicas orientadas a la solución de problemáticas presentadas en el diseño de sistemas de automatización industrial. En la actualidad, las industrias están obligadas a utilizar nuevos sistemas que soporten la dinámica a la que se enfrentan las organizaciones. Sin embargo, los sistemas actuales de las empresas carecen de este dinamismo, lo que muchas veces imposibilita la implementación de nuevas funcionalidades a los procesos de producción autónomos, debido a la poca flexibilidad y agilidad de responder a la dinámica de los estilos de producción que se experimentan hoy día. La ingeniería de software aporta a la dinámica en el área de la automatización industrial, resaltando mejoras significativas en la configuración de sistemas implementados en el campo de la automatización industrial

Design and study of a photo-switchable polymeric system in the presence of ZnS nanoparticles under the influence of UV light irradiation

Recent progress in the field of photosensitive materials has prompted a need to develop efficient methods to synthesize materials with basic intermolecular architectural designs and novel properties. Accordingly, in this work we design and study a photoactive polymer as a photo-switchable polymeric system in the presence and absence of ZnS nanoparticles (average size < 10 nm) at 5 wt.%. The influence of UV light irradiation on its properties were also studied. The photoactive block copolymer was obtained from styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-dimethylindoline-6-nitrobenzopyran (SP) was grafted to the block copolymer backbone as a photochromic agent. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZnS (NPs) as photo-optical switch component into the system enhances the purple colored photo-emission, with the open form of the spiropyran derivative (merocyanine, MC). The ZnS stabilize the isomeric equilibrium in the MC interconversion of the photochromic agent. The photo-switchable properties of the PS-b-PMMA-SP in the presence of ZnS (NPs) were examined using UV-VIS spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, optical fluorescence and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM-EDX.). The observed changes in the absorbance, fluorescence and morphology of the system were associated to the reversible interconversion of the two states of the photochromic agent which regulates the radiative deactivation of the luminescent ZnS NPs component. After UV irradiation the photoactive polymer becomes purple in color. Therefore, these basic studies can lead to the development of innovative functional and nanostructured materials with photosensitive character as photosensitive molecular switches

Hybrid Biomaterials Based on Calcium Carbonate and Polyaniline Nanoparticles for Application in Photothermal Therapy

Inorganic materials contain remarkable properties for drug delivery, such as a large surface area and nanoporous structure. Among these materials, CaCO3 microparticles (CMPs) exhibit a high encapsulation efficiency and solubility in acidic media. The extracellular pH of tumor neoplastic tissue is significantly lower than the extracellular pH of normal tissue facilitating the release of drug-encapsulating CMPs in this area. Conducting polyaniline (PANI) absorbs light energy and transforms it into localized heat to produce cell death. This work aimed to generate hybrid CMPs loaded with PANI for photothermal therapy (PTT). The hybrid nanomaterial was synthesized with CaCO3 and carboxymethyl cellulose in a simple, reproducible manner. The CMP-PANI-Cys particles were developed for the first time and represent a novel type of hybrid biomaterial. Resultant nanoparticles were characterized utilizing scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, UV-vis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. In vitro HeLa cells in dark and irradiated conditions showed that CMP-PANI-Cys and PANI-Cys are nontoxic at the assayed concentrations. Hybrid biomaterials displayed high efficiency for potential PTT compared with PANI-Cys. In summary, hierarchical hybrid biomaterials composed of CMPs and PANI-Cys combined with near infrared irradiation represents a useful alternative in PTT.Fil: Neira Carrillo, Andrónico. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Yslas, Edith Inés. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Marini, Yazmin Amar. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Vásquez Quitral, Patricio. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Sánchez, Marianela. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Riveros, Ana. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Yáñez, Diego. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Cavallo, Pablo César. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Kogan, Marcelo Javier. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Acevedo, Diego Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin

Enraizamiento in vitro y ex vitro de microtallos de Ugni molinae Turcz., una especie nativa de Chile

Two trials were established to evaluate the in vitro and ex vitro rooting of selected microshoots of two selected clones of Ugnimolinae. In the in vitro experiment, nine treatments were compared, combination of three concentrations of Murashige and Skoogmedium (MS) (1, ½ and ¼ strength macronutrients) and three concentration of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA, at 0, 1 and 2 ?M). In theex vitro assay we established for IBA four concentrations (0; 4.9; 9.8 and 19.7 mM). After 30 days total survival, rooting percentage,root length and number of roots per explants were evaluated. Both clones responded differently to the treatments used. Under in vitroconditions, Clone 1 had an average of 97% rooting at ½ MS + 1 ?M IBA, whereas Clone 2 obtained a 93% of rooting with ¼ MS+ 2 ?M IBA. Our results indicate that the decrease in the strength of MS medium and the addition of IBA promotes rooting. Withregard to ex vitro conditions, the Clone 1 did not respond to IBA applications, while in Clone 2, IBA promoted the rooting at theconcentration of 19.7 mM, with percentages of 90 and 85%, respectively. Considering these results, it is generally recommended touse the ex vitro rooting system because both clones were able to obtain the same high percentage rooting (above 85%) in this system.Ex vitro propagation will also safe costs.Con el objetivo de evaluar el enraizamiento in vitro y ex vitro de microtallos de dos clones de Ugni molinae, se establecierondos ensayos. En el experimento de enraizamiento in vitro se contrastaron nueve tratamientos producto de la combinación de tresconcentraciones de medio Murashige y Skoog (MS) (1, ½ y ¼ de los macronutrientes diluidos) y tres de ácido 3-indolbutírico(AIB) (0, 1 y 2 ?M). En tanto, para el ensayo de enraizamiento ex vitro se contrastaron cuatro tratamientos correspondientes a lasconcentraciones de 0; 4,9; 9,8 y 19,7 mM de AIB. Después de 30 días se evaluó la supervivencia, enraizamiento, longitud de raíz ynúmero de raíces por explante. El tratamiento que logró el mayor enraizamiento difirió entre ambos clones. En condiciones in vitroel Clon 1 obtuvo un promedio de enraizamiento de 97% con ½ MS + 1 ?M de AIB, mientras que el Clon 2 obtuvo un 93% con ¼ deMS + 2 ?M de AIB. Nuestros resultados indican que la disminución de sales en el medio de cultivo MS y la adición de AIB favoreceel enraizamiento. Con respecto a las condiciones ex vitro, el Clon 1 no respondió a las aplicaciones de AIB, en cambio en el Clon 2, elAIB promovió el enraizamiento a la concentración de 19,7 mM, alcanzando porcentajes de 90 y 85%, respectivamente. En virtud delos resultados obtenidos, se sugiere un enraizamiento ex vitro para los clones 1 y 2, para evitar los costos asociados al enraizamientoin vitro, ya que independiente del sistema utilizado, ambos clones obtuvieron enraizamientos iguales o superiores a un 85% en elmejor de sus tratamientos

Current State of Conservation Knowledge on Threatened Amphibian Species in Peru

This study documents the current state of conservation knowledge on threatened amphibian species in Peru. Following the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification system, we considered species in the following categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, and Near Threatened. Even though only the first three categories are regarded as threatened by IUCN, we included the fourth category to make comparisons with the list of threatened species issued by the Peruvian government. We used the Global Amphibian Assessment\u27s database and the list issued in Peru for this comparison. We conducted separate field surveys in 17 regions of Peru to evaluate the presence/absence of threatened amphibian species and species that are potentially threatened. We also used the Declining Amphibian Database-DAPTF, to compare our results with previous assessments on population declines, and the World Wildlife Fund\u27s Wildfinder database, to determine in which Neotropical ecoregion each species occurs. We compiled data on 83 species, 44 of which are recognized as threatened by the IUCN and/or the Peruvian government. The remaining 39 species should be re-assessed as they face various threats. A re-evaluation of current estimates is needed as only 8% of all species recorded in Peru are recognized as threatened by the government, whereas the global estimate of threatened species is about 32%. In addition to using IUCN criteria, this re-assessment should follow national guidelines standardized in Peru and be in accordance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Because the habitat of almost 40% of threatened species reported herein still remains unprotected, and data on chytridiomycosis and other threats are lacking for most taxa, it is crucial to develop strategies for habitat conservation and research on disease dynamics in natural populations