The integration between corporate social responsibilty and sustainable development goals

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one of the modern concepts in the management field which become a catalyst in developing the future of the business sector. Several major academic and practical milestones have influenced the development of the concept of CSR. One of the most important milestones that shaped the future of CSR was the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). UNGC's missions and principles formed an application framework for integrating social and environmental approaches into corporate business activities. It has been proved through this paper the interrelationship between the principles of CSR theories and the principles of UNGC. Followed by an analysis of the effectiveness of the UNGC principles in adopting sustainable development goals and enhancing enterprise competitiveness

Історичний розвиток концепції корпоративної соціальної відповідальності

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved considerably for the last 50 years. The multiplicity of historical reviews and confusion mentioning some of events and neglecting other events have led dispersion of models and theories related to CSR. Through this article, a new investigation has been made toward the most notable academic and practical events that affect the development of CSR. A comprehensive literature review method has fragmented the academic evolution of the CSR concept depending on milestones-basis. It has been proved through this article that some valuable political and sociable milestones have affected CSR context development. Analyzing the historical development perspectives of CSR have showed the relationship between CSR theories and between the implementation process of CSR by an enterprise. It has been proved that there is a clear relation between the development of CSR theories and the adaptation of CSR practices by international communities and international companies.Сьогодні інтерес до соціальної відповідальності бізнесу стрімко зростає. У широкому розумінні соціальна відповідальність бізнесу означає здатність підприємства приносити вигоду не тільки собі, а й забезпечувати сталий соціальний розвиток суспільства. Соціальна відповідальність достатньо широке поняття, яке включає в себе такі сфери, як екологія та соціальна справедливість. Концепція корпоративної соціальної відповідальності (КСВ) суттєво змінилася за останні п’ятдесят років. Більшість історичних оглядів в академічній літературі ділять історичний розвиток концепції КСВ відповідно до часової шкали, чому і присвячено дане дослідження. В даній статті авторами було проведено оригінальне дослідження найбільш помітних наукових і практичних подій, які впливають на розвиток КСВ у світовому масштабі. Аналіз історичних тенденцій розвитку КСВ показав чіткий взаємозв'язок між теоріями КСВ і процесом впровадження КСВ керівництвом підприємств. У даній статті авторами показано, існування чіткого взаємозв'язку між розвитком теорій КСВ і використанням підходів КСВ міжнародними співтовариствами та міжнародними компаніями. Історичний огляд етапів розвитку КСВ був спрямований на те, щоб допомогти особам, які приймають рішення, зрозуміти зміст КСВ і переконати їх у тому, що теорії реалізації КСВ не обмежені соціальними і екологічними вигодами для суспільства у цілому, але також вони мають стратегічні переваги для самої компанії, а саме: зміцнення конкурентоспроможності, забезпечення стандартів якості та підвищення репутації компанії. В результаті дослідження стає зрозумілим, що міжнародне співтовариство у співпраці з міжнародними установами, які займаються розробкою стандартів якості для КСВ, прагнуть перетворити концепцію корпоративної соціальної відповідальності з факультативної концепції в обов'язковий принцип функціонування усіх підприємств незалежно від форми власності. Перетворення корпоративної соціальної відповідальності в обов'язковий принцип обмежить жадібність бізнесменів, обмежить ризики і забезпечить майбутнє для наступних поколінь

Mental health trajectories among the general population and higher-risk groups following the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland, 2021-2023.

Mental health deteriorated in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, but improved relatively quickly as restrictions were eased, suggesting overall resilience. However, longer-term follow-up of mental health in the general population is scarce. We examined mental health trajectories in 5624 adults (58 % women; aged 18-97 years) from the Specchio-COVID19 cohort, using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-2 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, administered each month from February to June 2021, and in Spring 2022 and 2023. Depressive and anxiety symptoms declined during a pandemic wave from February to May 2021 (β = -0.06 [-0.07, -0.06]; -0.06 [-0.07, -0.05]), and remained lower at longer-term follow-up than at the start of the wave. Loneliness also declined over time, with the greatest decline during the pandemic wave (β = -0.25 [-0.26, -0.24]). Many higher-risk groups, including socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals, those with a chronic condition, and those living alone had poorer mental health levels throughout the study period. Women and younger individuals had a faster improvement in mental health during the pandemic wave. Loneliness trajectories were associated with mental health trajectories throughout the study period. We cannot definitively conclude that the observed changes in mental health were due to experiences of the pandemic. While there was a need for additional mental health support during stricter policy responses to COVID-19, overall, mental health improved relatively soon after measures were eased. Nevertheless, the persistence of mental health disparities highlights the need for further efforts from the government and healthcare practitioners to support vulnerable groups beyond the pandemic

K -> 3 pi Final State Interactions at NLO in CHPT and Cabibbo's Proposal to Measure a_0-a_2

We present the analytical results for the K -> 3 pi final state interactions at next-to-leading order (NLO) in CHPT. We also study the recent Cabibbo's proposal to measure the pi-pi scattering lenghts combination a_0-a_2 from the cusp effect in the pi^0-pi^0 energy spectrum at threshold for K^+ -> pi^0 pi^0 pi^+ and K_L -> pi^0 pi^0 pi^0$, and give the relevant formulas to describe it at NLO. For that, we use the NLO CHPT expression to fit the real part of K -> 3 pi to data while the pi-pi scattering lenghts are treated non-perturbatively. Using them, we make a quantitative estimate of the theoretical uncertaintity of the a_0-a_2 determination at NLO in our approach and obtain that it is not smaller than 5 % if added quadratically and 7 % if linearly for K^+ -> pi^0 pi^0 pi^+. One gets similar theoretical uncertainties if the neutral K_L -> pi^0 pi^0 pi^0 decay data below threshold are used instead. For this decay, there are very large theoretical uncertainties above threshold due to cancellations and data above threshold cannot be used to get the scattering lenghts. All the numbers we present are in the isospin limit apart of two-pion phase space factors which are physical. We compare our results for the cusp effect with Cabibbo and Isidori's results and discuss the differences and agreements. We also comment on the apperance of the singularity at the K -> 3 pi pseudo-threshold s=(m_K-m_pi)^2 in the discontinuity that defines the cusp.Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures. v2=v3 Added the full contributions to the cusp from the real part of the discontinuity. v4 Improved text. Matches published versio

Isospin breaking in Kl4 decays

Data on Ke4 decays allow one to extract experimental information on the elastic pi pi scattering amplitude near threshold, and to confront the outcome of the analysis with predictions made in the framework of QCD. These predictions concern an isospin symmetric world, while experiments are carried out in the real world, where isospin breaking effects - generated by electromagnetic interactions and by the mass difference of the up and down quarks - are always present. We discuss the corrections required to account for these, so that a meaningful comparison with the predictions becomes possible. In particular, we note that there is a spectacular isospin breaking effect in Ke4 decays. Once it is taken into account, the previous discrepancy between NA48/2 data on Ke4 decays and the prediction of pi pi scattering lengths disappears.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figure

Isospin breaking corrections to low-energy pi-K scattering

We evaluate the matrix elements for the processes pi^0 K^0 -> pi^0 K^0 and pi^- K^+ -> pi^0 K^0 in the presence of isospin breaking terms at leading and next-to-leading order. As a direct application the releveant combination of the S-wave scattering lengths involved in the pion-kaon atom lifetime is determined. We discuss the sensitivity of the results with respect to the input parameters.Comment: 33 pages, plain latex, 2 figure

Anopheles Imd Pathway Factors and Effectors in Infection Intensity-Dependent Anti-Plasmodium Action

The Anopheles gambiae immune response against Plasmodium falciparum, an etiological agent of human malaria, has been identified as a source of potential anti-Plasmodium genes and mechanisms to be exploited in efforts to control the malaria transmission cycle. One such mechanism is the Imd pathway, a conserved immune signaling pathway that has potent anti-P. falciparum activity. Silencing the expression of caspar, a negative regulator of the Imd pathway, or over-expressing rel2, an Imd pathway-controlled NFkappaB transcription factor, confers a resistant phenotype on A. gambiae mosquitoes that involves an array of immune effector genes. However, unexplored features of this powerful mechanism that may be essential for the implementation of a malaria control strategy still remain. Using RNA interference to singly or dually silence caspar and other components of the Imd pathway, we have identified genes participating in the anti-Plasmodium signaling module regulated by Caspar, each of which represents a potential target to achieve over-activation of the pathway. We also determined that the Imd pathway is most potent against the parasite's ookinete stage, yet also has reasonable activity against early oocysts and lesser activity against late oocysts. We further demonstrated that caspar silencing alone is sufficient to induce a robust anti-P. falciparum response even in the relative absence of resident gut microbiota. Finally, we established the relevance of the Imd pathway components and regulated effectors TEP1, APL1, and LRIM1 in parasite infection intensity-dependent defense, thereby shedding light on the relevance of laboratory versus natural infection intensity models. Our results highlight the physiological considerations that are integral to a thoughtful implementation of Imd pathway manipulation in A. gambiae as part of an effort to limit the malaria transmission cycle, and they reveal a variety of previously unrecognized nuances in the Imd-directed immune response against P. falciparum