SCREENING OF LAWSONIA INERMIS ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST FUNGI CAUSING DERMATOPHYTIC INFECTION IN HUMAN

ABSTRACTObjective: Lawsonia inermis belonging to family Lythreace commonly known as henna has been used in traditional herbal medicine from age. Thisstudy deals with the extraction of henna essential oil, separation of essential oil fractions and antidermatophytic behavior of oil and their fractions.Methods: In present investigation, essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia through hydrodistillation method was screened for theirantidermatophytic activity against selected dermatophytes through disc diffusion technique and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by semisolidagar susceptibility testing methods. Lawsonia oil was further subjected in buchii glass oven equipment for the separation of the different fraction atdifferent temperature interval. These fractions were labeled as LAI, LAII, LAIII, LAIV, and LAV.Results: MIC of Lawsonia essential oil was ranging from 0.025 to 1.5 µl/ml against selected dermatophytes and other related fungi. MIC of thesefractions were also studied which were ranging from 0.3 to <4 µl/ml. Trichophyton rubrum was found to be most susceptible fungus and Candidaalbicans was most resistant strain. Among all fractions studied LAII was found to be the most effective fraction. Fraction LA was discarded because ofvery less amount which could not be applied for MIC.Conclusion: The L. inermis demonstrating broad spectra of activity may help to discover new antibiotics that could serve as selective agents for themaintenance of animal or human health and provide biochemical tools for the study of infectious diseases. This versatile medicinal plant is the uniquesource of various types of chemical compounds, which are responsible of the various activities of the plant.Keywords: Essential oil, Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Minimal inhibitory concentration.

SCREENING OF THYMUS VULGARIS ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST FUNGI CAUSING DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN HUMAN BEINGS

Objective: The study was designed to determined antidermatophytic activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against fungi causing superficial skin infections in human and animal.Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil was screened against selected pathogenic fungi namely Trichophyton rubrum (MTCC 296), T. mentagrophytes (MTCC 7687), Microsporum gypseum (MTCC 4524), M. fulvum(MTCC2837), T. soudanense and T. interdigitale through semi solid agar antifungal susceptibility testing method(SAAS). Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was also determined by modified semi solid agar antifungal susceptibility method. T. soudanense and T. interdigitalis were isolated through TO. KA. VA hair bating technique from animal habitats soil of Jaipur district.Results: T. vulgaris essential oil exhibited excellent antideramtophytic activity against all selected dermatophytes. Minimum inhibitory concentration was ranged from 0.020±0.000μl/ml to 0.1±0.033 μl/ml. MFC were found little higher than MIC (0.02±0.000μl/ml to.2±0.000μl/ml). M. gypseum was found to be most susceptible fungus as compared to other test fungi.Conclusion: T. vulgaris was found to be most effective fungicidal agent against human pathogenic fungi. Present findings provide for a rationale basis of a possible utilization of this oil in fields requiring safe and cheap compounds with antiseptic and preservative properties, such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries

TOPICAL APPLICATION OF EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS OIL AGAINST RINGWORM INFECTION OF HUMAN BEINGS

Objective: At least one million people are suffering from dermatophytosis in India. These mycoses although normally not lethal are unpleasant, frequent disease recurrence, and resistant dermatophytic strains cause considerable economic losses. During the antifungal evaluation of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllus, all concentrations were found to be an excellent inhibitor against selected fungi as compared to standard antifungal drugs griseofulvin, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. The present work deals with the preparation of an ointment from E. caryophyllus oil for the treatment of ringworm infection in human beings. Materials and Methods: Due to these potent fungicidal properties, an ointment of E. caryophyllus was prepared and topically applied on tinea patients attending the outpatient Department of Skin, Venereology, and Leprology, SMS Hospital, Jaipur. Patients were diagnosed as tinea corporis, tinea capitis, tinea manuum, and tinea barbae. The medication was done twice a day for 3 weeks as advised by the skin specialist. Results: All patients showed positive potassium hydroxide (KOH) results at the beginning of the trial. After the 2nd week of treatment, every patient was KOH negative and remained negative when re-examined after one month of treatment. All patients were completely cured within 3 weeks of the treatment. Conclusions: Ointment showed excellent results, found cheaper substitutes to cure the disease without any adverse side effect. The present study offers a high possibility of complete cure of tinea infection and suggesting its uses as raw material by pharmaceutical industries for the development of antidermatophytic drug in prevailing conditions where dermatophytes are becoming resistant against popular antifungals

Road to fertility: comparison of letrozole and clomiphene citrate-estradiol valerate for ovulation induction in female with unexplained infertility to see ovulation and conception rate

Background: Clomiphene citrate was considered as first line of treatment for ovulation and induction in patients with unexplained infertility, but there are differences in results which can be explained by anti-estrogenic effect of CC resulting in estrogen receptor depletion. Letrozole is potent non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor which increases gonadotrophin secretion with ovarian follicle stimulation. Research question was that which drug is more efficacious for ovulation and induction in patients with unexplained infertility. Methods: This comparative study was conducted at OBGYN OPD of RMCH and RC, Kanpur. Patients were 50 females with unexplained infertility randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A received letrozole 2.5 mg from D3-D7 of menstruation. Group B received CC 50 mg from D3-D7 plus 2 mg estradiol valerate BD on D8-D14 of menstruation. Female aged 18-35 years with complete fertility workup i.e. D3 FSH, LH, prolactin, serum TSH, HSG, USG-pelvis, mid luteal phase progesterone, semen analysis within normal limits are included in study. Patients with male infertility, hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders and BMI>30 kg/m2 were excluded. Results: There was statistically significant difference in endometrial thickness (ET) between two groups, (p value <0.03) as mean ET was 9.3±1.7 in group A (L) and 8.3±1.5 in group B (CC+E). The number of follicles after stimulation were better with CC+E 2.9±1.1 and L 2.1±1.2 showing statistically significant difference with p value <0.01 but clinical pregnancy rate was higher with letrozole as compared to CC-E without statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Letrozole has better effect on endometrial thickness with statistically significant difference. CC+E had advantage towards multifollicular development with statistically significant difference, but there was no significant difference in case of clinical pregnancy rate, abortion, ectopic, multiple gestation

Work Life Balance (Wlb) and Its Relationship with Resilience in The Face of Pandemic

Work-life balance (WLB) refers to striking the correct balance between work and life, as well as feeling at ease with both work and family obligations. WLB covers techniques that have the potential to promote employee autonomy and flexibility while balancing many needs. The aim of the study is to understand the effect of resilience on work-life balance (WLB) and to study the difference, in terms of work-life balance, between males and female

A discussion on some recent coupled fixed point results via new generalized nonlinear contractive conditions

Recently, Samet et al. [34], by using the equivalence of the three basic metrics showed that certain coupled fixed point results can be obtained immediately from the well-known fixed point theorems. In the setting of partially ordered metric spaces, we establish a generalization of the recent coupled fixed/ coincidence point results under new nonlinear contractive conditions. The significant feature of the presented work is that, our obtained results are not the immediate consequence of the already existing results in the literature. Presented work generalizes some of the results of Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [6], Berinde [7], Choudhury et al. [10], Harjani et al. [17], Jain et al. [21] , Karapinar et al. [22], Luong and Thuan [25], and Rasouli and Bahrampour [30].Publisher's Versio

Comparison of conventional pap smear with liquid based cytology, and assessment of the effectiveness and feasibility of liquid-based cytology over conventional pap smear in rural tertiary care centre

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women in India. So, detection of its premalignant lesions is of utmost importance, which can be easily done by screening methods. Screening programmes for cervical cancer using the conventional pap smear (CPS) technique have been in place since decades. However, CPS technique has many limitations. To overcome these limitations liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in the mid 1990 as a better tool for processing cervical samples. The aim of present study is to compare CPS with LBC and to assess the diagnostic accuracy and cost effectiveness of LBC in rural tertiary care centre. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 2 years at Rama medical college, Mandhana, Kanpur. All women presenting to gynaecological OPD with symptoms and signs suspicious of cervical malignancy were selected for paired samples of conventional pap and LBC. Colposcopy and biopsy were sought which correlated with cytologic findings.  Results: A maximum number of cases were in the reproductive age group, most common age of presentation being 40-49 years (27.3%) followed by 30-39 years (25.3%). A majority of patients were presented with a complaint of discharge per vagina 176 (58.7%), followed by pelvic pain 154 (51.3%). Only 4 patients were found to have unsatisfactory smear in LBC (1.33%) while 22 patients had unsatisfactory smear in conventional PAP (7.33%). LBC showed presence of endocervical cells in almost all patients 290 (97.97%). Candida bodies were not evident in LBC smears while the CPS showed presence candida bodies in 4 cases. Conclusions: Both the screening methods are very effective and sensitive in the detection of premalignant lesions with slight discordance of grade on histology. Thus, we conclude that cervical cytology is very effective in the detection of premalignant lesions with the sensitivity of almost 100%. In developing countries such as India, where finances pose a major problem, conventional method is as good as LBC

A Survey: Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm

Swarm intelligence is a one of the areas for evaluating the optimization states. Many algorithms have been developed by simulating the swarming behaviour of various creatures like ants, honey bees, fishes, birds and their results are found as very motivating for solving optimization problems. In this paper, a new approach for optimization is proposed by modelling the social behaviour of spider monkeys. Spider monkeys have been categorized as fission-fusion social structure based animals. The animals which follow fission-fusion social systems, initially work in a large group and based on need after some time, they divide themselves in smaller groups led by an adult female for foraging. There- fore, the proposed strategy broadly classified as inspiration from the intelligent foraging behaviour of fission-fusion social structure based animals

Anterior Mediastinal Mass: A Rare Presentation of Tuberculosis

We report a case of a 14-year-boy who presented to us with a low-grade fever with evening rise for 9 months. Along with this, the patient also reported a reduction in his appetite and body weight. He had a mild dry cough but no respiratory symptoms otherwise. There was no other localization for fever on history. He received antitubercular therapy, based on abnormal chest radiograph. However, there was no relief in his symptoms. General physical examination revealed mild fever. Systemic examination was unremarkable. Blood investigations done for fever were noncontributory. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of the chest revealed a mediastinal mass compressing the trachea. The possibilities of lymphoma or germ cell tumour were considered. A biopsy from the mass under CT guidance was performed. The histopathology revealed multiple epithelioid cell granulomas with necrosis, and the diagnosis of tuberculosis was made. The clinical course of this patient and the relevant literature is presented in this paper

Prevalent Dental Myths and Practices in Indian Population- A Systematic Review

Objectives: The present systematic review was conducted to assess knowledge and awareness on prevalent dental myths related to infant teething, pregnancy and cleft lip and palate and various oral health habits in Indian population. Method: Electronic and manual database was searched vigorously between period of January 1994 to January 2017 using PUBMED and GOOGLE SCHOLAR search engines to include relevant studies from peer-reviewed journals which have been conducted in India.Results: A total of 24 scientific questionnaire studies conducted in various states of India were included. 16 out of 24 studies (66.67%) dealt with various dental myths and practices prevalent among rural Indian population whereas only 1 study included both urban and rural populations. Region wise maximum studies were conducted in Southern region [8 studies (33.3%)] followed by 7 studies (29.16%) in Northern, 6 studies (25%) in Western and 1-1 study (4.16% each) in Eastern and Central India respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that the knowledge and awareness levels about dental myths and oral practices in both rural and urban population in various regions of India is inadequate. It is necessary for dental practitioners to educate masses for better dental health