Change-of-state Paradigms and the middle in Kinyarwanda

This paper investigates the derivational relationships among members of verbal paradigms in Kinyarwanda (Bantu JD.61; Rwanda) by pursuing two interrelated goals. First, I describe a variety of derivational strategies for marking transitive and intransitive variants in change-of-state verb paradigms. Second, I focus on the detransitivizing morpheme –ik which serves as one possible marking for intransitive members of these paradigms. Ultimately, I argue that this morpheme is a marker of middle voice, and the variety of readings which appear with this form can be subsumed under a single operation of argument suppression. Finally, I provide a discussion of reflexives and the apparent lack of a reflexive reading with –ik by arguing that this reading is blocked by either lexical reflexives or the reflexive prefix i–

Типологические и контрастивные черты русского и английского языков и переводческие трансформации

The first part presents the main typological and contrastive properties of English and Russian and shows in what way these properties may condition Russian → English translational transformations of various types. The second part contains the overview of English correspondences of Russian constructions lacking the canonical subject in the nominative case (impersonal proper, indefinitepersonal, generic-personal, infinitival constructions, etc.) found in the novel “Anna Karenina” written by Leo Tolstoy. In some cases examples from “Crime and Punishment” written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and plays by Anton Chekhov are also provided. English correspondences of the following Russian impersonal constructions (ICs) are analysed: ICs denoting natural phenomena, ICs denoting physiological states, ICs denoting situations of sense perception, ICs denoting emotions and feelings, ICs expressing modality. The main ways of translating Russian ICs into English are the following: 1) English personal constructions, 2) English constructions involving dummy it, 3) English constructions involving introductory element there, 4) English constructions involving introductory element oneАнглийский и русский языки в значительной мере характеризуются диаметрально противоположными типологическими и контрастивными характеристиками по отношению к таким признакам, как порядок следования главных членов предложения, синтетизм / аналитизм глагольных форм, флективный потенциал, падежность и род у существительных, согласование по лицу, числу, роду сказуемого с подлежащим, возможность опущения личных местоимений (pronoun-drop), артиклевость, неканоническое маркирование подлежащего, способы актантной деривации и ряду других языковых признаков. Все они обусловливают при русско-английском переводе те или иные переводческие трансформации различных типов. Последние рассматриваются на материале нескольких английских переводов произведений русской классики. В статье приводятся английские соответствия русских бесподлежащных конструкций, в том числе безличных предложений различных семантических и синтаксических типов, дативных и инфинитивных конструкций. Приводятся основные типы английских переводческих соответствий подобных русских конструкци

Типологические и контрастивные черты русского и английского языков и переводческие трансформации

The first part presents the main typological and contrastive properties of English and Russian and shows in what way these properties may condition Russian → English translational transformations of various types. The second part contains the overview of English correspondences of Russian constructions lacking the canonical subject in the nominative case (impersonal proper, indefinitepersonal, generic-personal, infinitival constructions, etc.) found in the novel “Anna Karenina” written by Leo Tolstoy. In some cases examples from “Crime and Punishment” written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and plays by Anton Chekhov are also provided. English correspondences of the following Russian impersonal constructions (ICs) are analysed: ICs denoting natural phenomena, ICs denoting physiological states, ICs denoting situations of sense perception, ICs denoting emotions and feelings, ICs expressing modality. The main ways of translating Russian ICs into English are the following: 1) English personal constructions, 2) English constructions involving dummy it, 3) English constructions involving introductory element there, 4) English constructions involving introductory element oneАнглийский и русский языки в значительной мере характеризуются диаметрально противоположными типологическими и контрастивными характеристиками по отношению к таким признакам, как порядок следования главных членов предложения, синтетизм / аналитизм глагольных форм, флективный потенциал, падежность и род у существительных, согласование по лицу, числу, роду сказуемого с подлежащим, возможность опущения личных местоимений (pronoun-drop), артиклевость, неканоническое маркирование подлежащего, способы актантной деривации и ряду других языковых признаков. Все они обусловливают при русско-английском переводе те или иные переводческие трансформации различных типов. Последние рассматриваются на материале нескольких английских переводов произведений русской классики. В статье приводятся английские соответствия русских бесподлежащных конструкций, в том числе безличных предложений различных семантических и синтаксических типов, дативных и инфинитивных конструкций. Приводятся основные типы английских переводческих соответствий подобных русских конструкци

Femtosecond Relaxation of Hot Electrons by Phonon Emission in Presence of Electric Field

Abstract The femtosecond relaxation of an initial distribution of electrons which interact with phonons in presence of applied electric field is studied numerically. The evolution at such a time scale cannot be described in terms of Boltzmann transport. Here, the Barker-Ferry equation is utilized as a quantum-kinetic model of the process. The integral equation The Barker-Ferry (B-F) equatio

Blueprint and implementation of rural stand-alone power grids with second-life lithium ion vehicle traction battery systems for resilient energy supply of tropical or remote regions

Developed societies with advanced economic performance are undoubtedly coupled with the availability of electrical energy. Whilst industrialized nations already started to decrease associated carbon emissions in many business sectors, e.g., by substituting combustion engines with battery-powered vehicles, less developed countries still lack broad coverage of reliable electricity supply, particularly in rural regions. Progressive electrification leads to a need for storage capacity and thus to increasing availability of advanced battery systems. To achieve a high degree of sustainability, re-used batteries from the electromobility sector are appropriate, as they do not consume further primary resources and still have sufficient residual capacity for stationary electrical storage applications. In this article, a blueprint for the electrification of a remote region by utilizing second-life lithium ion traction batteries for an integrated energy system in a stand-alone grid is presented and the implementation by the example case of a Tanzanian island in Lake Victoria is demonstrated. First, economic potentials and expected trends in the disposability of second-life lithium ion batteries and their foreseeable costs are outlined. Subsequently, key decision variables are identified to evaluate logistic aspects and the feasibility of the implementation of an off-grid electrical system in remote areas for economically and geographically unfavorable environments. The practical realization is pictured in detail with a focus on technical performance and safety specificities associated with second-life applications. Therefore, a new type of battery management system is introduced, which meets the special requirements of climate compatibility, low maintenance, enhanced cell balancing capability and cell configuration flexibility, and combined with a fiber-optical sensor system, provides reliable status monitoring of the battery. By carrying out on-site measurements, the overall system efficiency is evaluated along with a sustainability analysis. Finally, the socioeconomic and humanitarian impact for the people on the island is debated

Wigner Transport models of the electron-phonon kinetics in quantum wires

Two quantum-kinetic models of ultrafast electron transport in quantum wires are derived from the generalized electron-phonon Wigner equation. The various assumptions and approximations allowing one to find closed equations for the reduced electron Wigner function are discussed with an emphasis on their physical relevance. The models correspond to the Levinson and Barker-Ferry equations, now generalized to account for a space-dependent evolution. They are applied to study the quantum effects in the dynamics of an initial packet of highly nonequilibrium carriers, locally generated in the wire. The properties of the two model equations are compared and analyzed

Study of the 1D Scattering Mechanisms' Impact on the Mobility in Si Nanowire Transistors

The extensive research of aggressively scaled nano-electronic devices necessitates the inclusion of quantum confinement effects and their impact on performance. This work implements a set of multisubband phonon and impurity scattering mechanisms within the Kubo-Greenwood formalism in order to study their impact on the mobility in Si nanowire transistors (NWTs). This 1D treatment has been coupled with a 3D Poisson-2D Schrödinger solver, which accurately captures the effects of quantum confinement on charge dynamics. We also emphasize the importance of using the 1D models to evaluate the geometrical properties on mobility at the scaling limit.Peer reviewe