Blending modelling in a process manufacturing system

integer programming;manufacturing;blending;production

Multi-product cycling with packaging in the process industry

A practical problem often encountered in the polymerization processing industry involves the multiproduct cycling problem in combination with the storage assignment problem. In this research we assume that products are stocked as bulk goods in a container park or in smaller individual bags. However, when bulk demand exceeds available bulk stock levels, then bags are “cut-in” and the contents put in containers to satisfy bulk demand. It appears that this extended multiproduct cycling problem analysis with newly added “cut-in” costs and fixed container assignments can lead to substantial cost improvements. A number of extensions to the solution methodology are shown. © 1993

English in product advertisements in non-english speaking countries in western europe: Product image and comprehension of the text

Although English has been shown to be the most frequently used foreign language in product advertisements in countries where it is not the native language, little is known about its effects. This article examines the response to advertisements in English compared to the response to the same ad in the local language in Western Europe on members of the target group for which the ad was intended: 715 young, highly educated female consumers. The use of English in a product ad does not appear to have any impact on image and price of the product, but it does affect text comprehension: the meaning of almost 40% of the English phrases was not understood. These results were the same for all countries involved in the study, irrespective of whether the respondents\u27 (self-) reported proficiency in English is high or low. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Generalised Isentropic Relations in Thermodynamics

Isentropic processes in thermodynamics are fundamental to our understanding of numerous physical phenomena across different scientific and engineering fields. They provide a theoretical reference case for the evaluation of real thermodynamic processes and observations. Yet, as analytical relations for isentropic transformations in gas dynamics are limited to ideal gases, the inability to analytically describe isentropic processes for non-ideal gases is a fundamental shortcoming. This work presents generalised isentropic relations in thermodynamics based on the work by Kouremenos et al., where three isentropic exponents γPv, γTv and γPT are introduced to replace the ideal gas isentropic exponent γ to incorporate the departure from the non-ideal gas behaviour. The general applicability of the generalised isentropic relations is presented by exploring its connections to existing isentropic models for ideal gases and incompressible liquids. Generalised formulations for the speed of sound, the Bernoulli equation, compressible isentropic flow transformations, and isentropic work are presented thereafter, connecting previously disjoint theories for gases and liquids. Lastly, the generalised expressions are demonstrated for practical engineering examples, and their accuracy is discussed

Generalised Isentropic Relations in Thermodynamics

Isentropic processes in thermodynamics are fundamental to our understanding of numerous physical phenomena across different scientific and engineering fields. They provide a theoretical reference case for the evaluation of real thermodynamic processes and observations. Yet, as analytical relations for isentropic transformations in gas dynamics are limited to ideal gases, the inability to analytically describe isentropic processes for non-ideal gases is a fundamental shortcoming. This work presents generalised isentropic relations in thermodynamics based on the work by Kouremenos et al., where three isentropic exponents γPv, γTv and γPT are introduced to replace the ideal gas isentropic exponent γ to incorporate the departure from the non-ideal gas behaviour. The general applicability of the generalised isentropic relations is presented by exploring its connections to existing isentropic models for ideal gases and incompressible liquids. Generalised formulations for the speed of sound, the Bernoulli equation, compressible isentropic flow transformations, and isentropic work are presented thereafter, connecting previously disjoint theories for gases and liquids. Lastly, the generalised expressions are demonstrated for practical engineering examples, and their accuracy is discussed.Energy Technolog

Incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes

AIMS: To estimate prevalence and incidence of auto-immune thyroid disease and thyroid auto-antibodies in an unselected cohort of patients with DM1, including stratification by age, gender and duration of diabetes. METHODS: Patients with T1D visiting our outpatient clinic between 1995 and 2011 were included. We calculated the prevalence of AITD at first screening and estimated prevalence and incidence rates during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 1304 patients were included, 48.9% being female. Mean age of diabetes onset was 18.7years. Of all patients without known thyroid disorder first screened for AITD, 10.3 % (n=104) was diagnosed with hypo- or hyperthyroidism. The average prevalence of AITD in our population was 112/1000 patients. We found 128 new cases of AITD, 101 cases of hypothyroidism and 27 of hyperthyroidism between 1995 and 2011 with accompanying incidences of 11.2/1000 person-years (95% CI 9.5-13.4), 8.9/1000 person-years (95% CI, 7.3-10.8) and 2.4/1000 person-years (95% CI, 1.6-3.5), respectively. Age-stratified incidence of AITD was comparable at all ages in both males and females, with an approximately two times higher incidence in females. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AITD among T1D patients is high, but stable among all ages and independent of diabetes duration