Learning How to Play Nicely: Repositories and CRIS

oai:eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk:1More than 60 delegates convened at the Rose Bowl in Leeds on 7 May 2010 for this event to explore the developing relationship and overlap between Open Access research repositories and so called 'CRISs' – Current Research Information Systems – that are increasingly being implemented at universities. The Welsh Repository Network (WRN) [1], a collaborative venture between the Higher Education institutions (HEIs) in Wales, funded by JISC, had clearly hit upon an engaging topic du jour. The event, jointly supported by JISC [2] and ARMA (Association of Research Managers and Administrators)[3], was fully booked within just five days of being announced. In the main, delegates were either research managers and administrators, or repository managers, and one of the themes that came up throughout the day was the need for greater communication between research offices and libraries (where repository services are often managed.) As well as JISC and ARMA, euroCRIS [4], a not-for- profit organisation that aims to be an internationally recognised point of reference for CRISs, was represented at the event. Delegates could also visit the software exhibition and speak with representatives of Atira, Symplectic Ltd and Thomson Reuters, among others

On a linear program for minimum-weight triangulation

Minimum-weight triangulation (MWT) is NP-hard. It has a polynomial-time constant-factor approximation algorithm, and a variety of effective polynomial-time heuristics that, for many instances, can find the exact MWT. Linear programs (LPs) for MWT are well-studied, but previously no connection was known between any LP and any approximation algorithm or heuristic for MWT. Here we show the first such connections: For an LP formulation due to Dantzig, Hoffman, and Hu [Math. Programming, 31 (1985), pp. 1-14], (i) the integrality gap is constant, and (ii) given any instance, if the aforementioned heuristics find the MWT, then so does the LP. © 2014 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

Calculating and understanding the value of any type of match evidence when there are potential testing errors

It is well known that Bayes’ theorem (with likelihood ratios) can be used to calculate the impact of evidence, such as a ‘match’ of some feature of a person. Typically the feature of interest is the DNA profile, but the method applies in principle to any feature of a person or object, including not just DNA, fingerprints, or footprints, but also more basic features such as skin colour, height, hair colour or even name. Notwithstanding concerns about the extensiveness of databases of such features, a serious challenge to the use of Bayes in such legal contexts is that its standard formulaic representations are not readily understandable to non-statisticians. Attempts to get round this problem usually involve representations based around some variation of an event tree. While this approach works well in explaining the most trivial instance of Bayes’ theorem (involving a single hypothesis and a single piece of evidence) it does not scale up to realistic situations. In particular, even with a single piece of match evidence, if we wish to incorporate the possibility that there are potential errors (both false positives and false negatives) introduced at any stage in the investigative process, matters become very complex. As a result we have observed expert witnesses (in different areas of speciality) routinely ignore the possibility of errors when presenting their evidence. To counter this, we produce what we believe is the first full probabilistic solution of the simple case of generic match evidence incorporating both classes of testing errors. Unfortunately, the resultant event tree solution is too complex for intuitive comprehension. And, crucially, the event tree also fails to represent the causal information that underpins the argument. In contrast, we also present a simple-to-construct graphical Bayesian Network (BN) solution that automatically performs the calculations and may also be intuitively simpler to understand. Although there have been multiple previous applications of BNs for analysing forensic evidence—including very detailed models for the DNA matching problem, these models have not widely penetrated the expert witness community. Nor have they addressed the basic generic match problem incorporating the two types of testing error. Hence we believe our basic BN solution provides an important mechanism for convincing experts—and eventually the legal community—that it is possible to rigorously analyse and communicate the full impact of match evidence on a case, in the presence of possible error

Promoting Open Access to research: an Institutional Repository for Leeds Metropolitan University

The scientific journal as we know it today can be traced back to Henry Oldenburg who created the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Phil Trans) in 1665 and: “understood that if only he could attract the majority of Europe’s significant scientific authors to register their discoveries in the Phil Trans, his innovative use of print technology would become a defining moment of the European scientific movement.” (Guédon, 2001) So was born a paradigm that lasted for more than 300 years. Modern scholarly journals, like their venerable forbear, do not pay authors for their articles and the majority of scholars publish their research in peer-reviewed journals not for financial, but for professional gain (Yiotis, 2005). However, the “system of scholarly communication that has existed for hundreds of years” described by Yiotis evolved in the age of print at a time when scholarly output was relatively small. As the number of universities and associated research output increased in the 19th and 20th centuries, commercial publishers became interested in a market with an established creative source and pattern of consumption. Consequently, in the 1970s journal prices began to rise faster than inflation, having a negative impact on serials collections in libraries who could afford to subscribe to fewer and fewer of the expensive journals; the so-called “serials pricing crisis” (Guédon, 2001). The unsustainable price rises of traditionally published journals coincided with the emergence of the internet and in 1990 Stevan Harnad introduced Psycoloquy, the first peer-reviewed scientific journal on the internet, which paved the way for free academic publishing on the web after 1993. Open Access, which had been “physically and economically impossible in the age of print, even if the copyright holder wanted it” (Suber, n.d.), was now possible

The role of natural variability in projections of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone pollution

Climate change can impact air quality by altering the atmospheric conditions that determine pollutant concentrations. Over large regions of the U.S., projected changes in climate are expected to favor formation of ground-level ozone and aggravate associated health effects. However, modeling studies exploring air quality-climate interactions have often overlooked the role of natural variability, a major source of uncertainty in projections. Here we use the largest ensemble simulation of climate-induced changes in air quality generated to date to assess its influence on estimates of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone. We find that natural variability can significantly alter the robustness of projections of the future climate's effect on ozone pollution. In this study, a 15 year simulation length minimum is required to identify a distinct anthropogenic-forced signal. Therefore, we suggest that studies assessing air quality impacts use multidecadal simulations or initial condition ensembles. With natural variability, impacts attributable to climate may be difficult to discern before midcentury or under stabilization scenarios

Pore pressures and strains after repeated loading of saturated clay

Repeated and sustained loading tests on undrained samples of normally consolidated lacustrine clay are used to prove the existence of a relationship between pore water pressures and axial strains.The behavior of the clay is studied by investigating the pore pressure and strain responses under repeated loading, and comparing them with the responses from the more usual sustained loading. Samples under repeated loading fail at a stress below the compressive strength of the material as obtained from a standard strength test.It has been shown that, for a repeated stress level below a critical value a nonfailure equilibrium state is reached, closed stress–strain hysteresis loops occur and the soil behavior is essentially elastic. For a repeated stress above the critical value, the effective stress failure envelope is reached and each loading cycle leads to further nonrecoverable deformations and ultimate failure.The pore pressures and axial strains produced by loading may be divided into recoverable and nonrecoverable components; both components of pore water pressure are linearly related to the axial strain provided the sample is not close to failure and there is a gradual increase in axial strains and pore pressures with time. This relationship is explained by a simple mechanistic picture.The pore pressures due to the application of a shear stress may be considered as a combination of an elastic recoverable component, due to the elastic response of the soil grain structure, and a plastic nonrecoverable component due to a partial collapse of the grain structure with subsequent transfer of stresses from the failed grain contacts to the pore water. There are coresponding axial strains occurring due to the elastic response of the soil grain structure and the partial collapse of the structure.Experimental proof of the pore pressure versus strain relationship is presented by means of a series of loading tests on normally consolidated lacustrine silty clay samples tested under undrained triaxial conditions. </jats:p

Finding the balance in complex regional pain syndrome. Expertise, optimism, and evidence

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), perhaps more than any other chronic pain disorder, is perplexing. It is highly disabling, particularly once it has “set in,” and it has a tendency to polarize the community—some view it as a quasidiagnosis to obscure malingering or conceal substandard clinical skills,1 and others as a multiple system overprotective response.2 What is agreed is that its pathophysiology is not completely understood and that it is difficult to treat. In light of this rather murky backdrop, we welcome the new perspectives article in this issue of Neurology® by Birklein et al.3 They describe their own clinical approach to the problem and their impressions of what works, what does not, and where the field might be heading. The lead author is the most prolific and arguably the most important researcher in this field, and the article clearly draws on a wealth of expertise and clinical experience probably unmatched globally. The article reminds us of the remaining substantial challenges that we face: for example, the need for prospective studies, higher quality clinical trials and audits, and a putative model that accounts for the transition from acute CRPS to chronic CRPS, which is arguably characterized by distinct pathophysiology. Anyone who treats a good number of CRPS patients will recognize the clinical patterns to which the authors allude and be comforted by the realization that even this group, at the top of the field, share the same substantial treatment challenges.G.L.M. is supported by a Principal Research Fellowship from the National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia ID 1061279

Exercise interventions for adults and children with cerebral palsy (Protocol)

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: - The primary aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on activity, participation, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults and children with CP. - The secondary aim is to evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on body functions and body structures.Jennifer M Ryan is receiving funding from Action Medical Research and the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Charitable Trust to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of resistance training in adolescents with cerebral palsy