Potensi Stenochlaena palustris Burm. Sebagai Agen Antiinflamasi Berdasarkan Metode Ekstraksi PEF (Pulsed Electric Field): Sebuah Kajian Naratif

Penyakit tidak menular (Non Communicable Disease (NCD) masih mendominasi penyebab kematian secara global. Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan masyarakat terjangkit NCD, salah satunya adalah lemahnya daya tahan tubuh akibat pola hidup masyarakat yang kurang sehat. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dari berbagai penyakit adalah adanya agen antiinflamasi khususnya dari bahan alam. Salah satunya adalah pucuk merah iding-iding (Stenochlaena palustris Burm.). Tanaman ini merupakan tanaman yang banyak tumbuh di Bangka Belitung yang dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional untuk pengobatan penyakit nyeri, bisul, penyakit kulit, dan penguat darah. Pemilihan metode ekstraksi yang tepat menjadi kunci kefektifan ekstraksi zat aktif dari bahan alam. Salah satu metode yang yang efektif adalah PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) yang memadukan metode non termal dengan penerapan medan listrik tegangan tinggi dalam waktu yang singkat. Di dalam artikel ini dilakukan kajian naratif terkai potensi antiinflamasi ekstrak pucuk merah iding iding (S. palustris Burm.) menggunakan metode ekstraksi PEF (Pulsed Electric Field). Berbagai kajian kandungan senyawa pucuk iding-iding dikomparasikan dengan senyawa-senyawa atau ekstrak aktif sebagai antiinflamasi. Selanjutnya, dalam artikel ini juga dipaparkan potensi penggunaan metode ekstraksi senyawa aktif menggunakan PEF. Hal ini dikarenakan metode PEF ini memiliki prospek yang menjanjikan mengingat waktu ekstraksi yang lebih singkat dan tidak memerlukan panas sehingga senyawa-senyawa aktif tidak mengalami degradasi. Selain itu dipaparkan juga prospek dari penggunaan PEF sebagai metode ekstraksi dalam industri herbal sehingga menjadi masukan untuk penelitian ke depan

UJI FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI PADA AIR KELUBI (ELEIODOXA CONFERTA) TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Telah dilakukan penelitian uji fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri pada air kelubi (Eleiodoxa conferta)  terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder air kelubi (Eleiodoxa conferta)  dan mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri pada air kelubi terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa langkah yaitu preparasi sampel , uji fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil penelitian uji fitokimia pada air kelubi mengandung senyawa alkaloid, saponin, flavanoid dan fenol hidrokuinon. Pengujian antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang dilakukan dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100%. Katagori hambatan daya antibakteri pada konsentrasi 20% lemah, konsentrasi 40% memberikan daya hambatan sedang, konsentrasi 60%, 80%, 100% memberikan hambatan daya kuat.Telah dilakukan penelitian uji fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri pada air kelubi (Eleiodoxa conferta)  terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder air kelubi (Eleiodoxa conferta)  dan mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri pada air kelubi terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa langkah yaitu preparasi sampel , uji fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil penelitian uji fitokimia pada air kelubi mengandung senyawa alkaloid, saponin, flavanoid dan fenol hidrokuinon. Pengujian antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang dilakukan dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100%. Katagori hambatan daya antibakteri pada konsentrasi 20% lemah, konsentrasi 40% memberikan daya hambatan sedang, konsentrasi 60%, 80%, 100% memberikan hambatan daya kuat

ANALISIS ANTRAKUINON EKSTRAK ASETON DAUN PUCUK IDAT (CRATOXYLUM GLAUCUM)

Tumbuhan idat merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki khasiat sebagai obat herbal alami. Tumbuhan idat dikenal oleh masyrakat Bangka Belitung yang diberi dengan nama pucuk idat. Pucuk idat tergolong famili Hypericaceae yang hidup dirawa-rawa pada daratan yang rendah ditemukan dihutan kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakterisasi senyawa antrakuinon hasil fraksi menggunakan tiga eluen berbeda dengan sistem pelarut etil asetat : n-heksan : metanol (8:2:0,5). Hasil KLT menujukkan bahwa senyawa pada fraksi A dan fraksi B dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak aseton pucuk idat mengandung senyawa antrakuinon. Identifikasi senyawa antrakuinon menggunakan pereaksi NaOH 10% menujukkan bahwa fraksi A dan fraksi B mengandung senyawa antrakuion. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan FT-IR menujukkan bahwa senyawa tersebut diduga dengan adanya karakterisasi senyawa antrakuinonTumbuhan idat merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki khasiat sebagai obat herbal alami. Tumbuhan idat dikenal oleh masyrakat Bangka Belitung yang diberi dengan nama pucuk idat. Pucuk idat tergolong famili Hypericaceae yang hidup dirawa-rawa pada daratan yang rendah ditemukan dihutan kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakterisasi senyawa antrakuinon hasil fraksi menggunakan tiga eluen berbeda dengan sistem pelarut etil asetat : n-heksan : metanol (8:2:0,5). Hasil KLT menujukkan bahwa senyawa pada fraksi A dan fraksi B dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak aseton pucuk idat mengandung senyawa antrakuinon. Identifikasi senyawa antrakuinon menggunakan pereaksi NaOH 10% menujukkan bahwa fraksi A dan fraksi B mengandung senyawa antrakuion. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan FT-IR menujukkan bahwa senyawa tersebut diduga dengan adanya karakterisasi senyawa antrakuino

BoneMicro-CT Assessments in an Orchidectomised RatModel Supplemented with Eurycoma longifolia

Recent studies suggested that Eurycoma longifolia, a herbal plant, may have the potential to treat osteoporosis in elderly male. This study aimed to determine the effects of Eurycoma longifolia supplementation on the trabecular bone microarchitecture of orchidectomised rats (androgen-deficient osteoporosis model). Forty-eight-aged (10–12 months old) Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups of sham-operated (SHAM), orchidectomised control (ORX), orchidectomised + 7mg/rat testosterone enanthate (TEN) and orchidectomised + Eurycoma longifolia 30 mg/kg (EL30), orchidectomised + Eurycoma longifolia 60 mg/kg (EL60), orchidectomised + Eurycoma longifolia 90 mg/kg (EL90). Rats were euthanized following six weeks of treatment. The\ud left femora were used to measure the trabecular bone microarchitecture using micro-CT. Orchidectomy significantly decreased connectivity density, trabecular bone volume, and trabecular number compared to the SHAM group. Testosterone replacement reversed all the orchidectomy-induced changes in the micro-CT parameters. EL at 30 and 60 mg/kg rat worsened the trabecular bone connectivity density and trabecular separation parameters of orchidectomised rats. EL at 90 mg/kg rat preserved the bone volume. High dose of EL (90 mg/kg) may have potential in preserving the bone microarchitecture of orchidectomised rats, but lower doses may further worsen the osteoporotic changes

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) for the assessment of bone health.

Osteoporosis is known as a silent disease because bone density slowly decreases with advancing age and without symptoms. The incidence of osteoporosis is increasing yearly worldwide. Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using conventional bone densitometry (DXA) is practical in diagnosis of osteoporosis but the cost is high and cannot be implemented in community. However, quantitativeultrasound (QUS) is a modern technique to measure the bone density and also for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. It is comparatively easy, reliable, less costly, and a safe method compared to other techniques. QUS consists of two main parameters which are known as broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS). QUS can also predict fracture risk of BMD. QUS showed significantly associated with BMD, bone micro architecture and mechanical parameters for In vitro studies and in human studies, QUS were found to be associated with BMD. Hence, QUS is capable to be new technique for bone assessment

Medical Comorbidities of Dementia: Links to Caregivers’ Emotional Difficulties and Gains

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154268/1/jgs16244_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154268/2/jgs16244.pd

Erectile dysfunction and methadone maintenance therapy

Erectile dysfunction is one of the most common side effects of methadone affecting more than half of methadone patient population. The problem is associated with prominent reduced quality of life. Erectile dysfunction may perpetuate greater problem if left untreated as patients may opt to use harmful self-treatment such as abusing methamphetamine. This illicit drug use to overcome the side-effects of methadone may lead to polysubstance use disorder that further compromise addiction therapy. To overcome this issue, both practitioners and patients play a major role in the management of erectile dysfunction. Patient awareness regarding erectile dysfunction and its impact as well as doctor’s active intervention to detect erectile dysfunction, are essential to improve the detection rate and management of erectile dysfunction. Frequent screening of erectile dysfunction and its risk factors will help with the identification of patients suffering from erectile dysfunction. Multiple treatments options such as bupropion, trazodone and many more are available to treat erectile dysfunction which will be further explored in this review

The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Vitamin E in Prevention of Osteoporosis

There is growing evidence that inflammation may be one of the causal factors of osteoporosis. Several cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, RANKL, OPG, and M-CSF were implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. These cytokines are important determinants of osteoclast differentiation and its bone resorptive activity. Anticytokine therapy using cytokine antagonists such as IL-receptor antagonist and TNF-binding protein was able to suppress the activity of the respective cytokines and prevent bone loss. Several animal studies have shown that vitamin E in the forms of palm-derived tocotrienol and α-tocopherol may prevent osteoporosis in rat models by suppressing IL-1 and IL-6. Free radicals are known to activate transcription factor NFκB which leads to the production of bone resorbing cytokines. Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, may be able to neutralise free radicals before they could activate NFκB, therefore suppressing cytokine production and osteoporosis. Vitamin E has also been shown to inhibit COX-2, the enzyme involved in inflammatory reactions. Of the two types of vitamin E studied, tocotrienol seemed to be better than tocopherol in terms of its ability to suppress bone-resorbing cytokines

DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE DOWNREGULATES BONE RESORPTION ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS IN DOSE DEPENDENT MANNER: AN IN VITRO MODEL USING RAW 264.7 CELLS

Objective: Numerous studies have evidenced the bone regulatory potential of dihydrotestosterone in androgen-deficient osteoporosis. The present study was thus aimed to explore the translational mechanism of dihydrotestosterone to down-regulate the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts using RAW 264.7 cells as in vitro model.Methods: Prior to analyze the efficacy of dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) to alleviate osteoclastic differentiation, their cell viability and cell proliferative ability was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and MTS assays. The osteoclastic differentiation capacity of dihydrotestosterone was evaluated by measuring TRAP activity and the expression of bone resorption-related proteins such as matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), cathepsin-K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and NFATc1. Moreover, the effects of dihydrotestosterone were also evaluated on superoxide (free radicals) generation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in RANKL-induced osteoclasts.Results: Dihydrotestosterone showed no toxicity towards RAW 264.7 cells and significantly enhanced their proliferation and growth rates in a dose-dependent fashion. It was also observed that dihydrotestosterone exhibits a remarkable inhibitory effect on differentiation, maturation and activation of osteoclasts. The marked inhibition of differentiation and activation of osteoclasts caused by 5α-DHT was due to down-regulation of the expression of MMP-9, cathepsin-K, TRAP, NFATc1, generation of superoxide and up-regulation of SOD activity in the RAW 264.7 cells.Conclusion: Resulting data provided substantially in vitroevidence for the pronounced anti-osteoclastogenetic activity of dihydrotestosterone and its therapeutic value in treating osteoporosis and other bone-erosive disorders.Â

Effects of Eurycoma longifolia on fracture healing of androgen-deficient osteoporosis model: a micro computed tomograph analysis

Micro computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging is a useful tool to monitor fracture healing in osteoporosis model. It creates a 3-D image of the fracture callus which can be analysed to assess bone parameters quantitatively. In this study, micro-CT was used to assess the fracture healing of orchidectomised rats, an androgen-deficient osteoporosis model. The effects of Eurycoma longifolia, a medicinal plant with pro-androgenic effects, on fracture healing were assessed. The rats were grouped into orchidectomised-control (ORX), sham-operated (SHAM), orchidectomised and injected with testosterone intramuscularly once weekly (TEN) and orchidectomised and daily oral gavage of Eurycoma longifolia (EL). Treatment duration was six weeks following bone fracture. Fracture was induced in the right tibia of all the rats. A total of 100 axial slices above and below fracture line were scanned with a micro-CT. The micro-CT analysis was able to detect significant difference in the fracture healing rate of ORX and TEN groups. The bridging cortices and fraction of mineralized tissue of the bridging cortices of the callous of ORX group was significantly lower than TEN group. No significant micro-CT changes were seen in the fracture healing of the EL group. The effect of EL on fracture healing was not demonstrable in orchidectomised rat model