A high-level computing algorithm for diverging and converging branch nonserial dynamic programming systems

AbstractWe present high-level computing algorithms for efficiently processing the diverging and converging branch systems in nonserial dynamic programming. A special technique in devised for processing the network functions such that the minimum amount of storage is employed. It is shown that if k is the discretization level of the state and decision variables then the space complexities are O(k) and O(k2) for the diverging and converging branch systems, respectively. The resultant time complexities are also developed. These savings in computational complexities enhance the attractiveness of dynamic programming as a tool for processing more complex nonserial systems

A review of phishing email detection approaches with deep learning algorithm implementation

Phishing email is designed to mimics the legitimate emails to fool the victim into revealing their confidential information for the phisher's benefit. There have been many approaches in detecting phishing emails but the whole solution is still needed as the weaknesses of the previous and current approaches are being manipulated by phishers to make phishing attack works. This paper provides an organized guide to present the wide state of phishing attack generally and phishing email specifically. This paper also categorizes machine learning into shallow learning and deep learning, followed by related works in each category with their contributions and drawbacks. The main objective of this review is to uncover the utility of machine learning in general, and deep learning in particular, in order to detect phishing email by studying the literature. This will provide an insight of the phishing issue, the alternatives prior to the phishing email detection and the contrast of machine learning and deep learning approaches in detecting phishing emails

Removing Digital Addiction: Through Digital Detoxication

Over-reliance on digital devices like cell phones, tablets, and iPad, has led to an individual using multiple digital devices the majority of the time when he or she is awake. Multiple device usage leads to an unconscious addictive use of a device that culminates in persistent information overload. This addictive use leads to information overload that continues even when the device is not being used or the individual is sleeping. We seek to explore if a digital detoxification app can remove digital addiction and create an impactful and healthy device usage, resulting in impactful device usage. Researchers have talked about the need for digital detoxification or digital cleansing. The popular remedies available include increased physical activities like yoga and meditation. We propose a digital detoxification model that can be used for mandatory service application of a device or the hedonistic use of an entertainment device. This model will allow individuals to use digital devices to the extent that it does not lead to addiction side effects like technostress, anxiety, insomnia, and information overload, thereby reducing digital addiction. This app will prevent an individual from unnecessarily utilizing the device while promoting optimal use, facilitating digital detoxication, and minimizing digital addiction. The digital detoxification apps will be available from all the publicly available app stores and allow the end-users to develop healthy habits and then detoxify from excessive use of the device. These apps will activate and prevent the end-user from excessively using the device. The individual will identify the safe usage time of the device. The app will activate features like airplane mode to ensure that excessive device usage is prevented and does not lead to digital toxification

Pengembangan Indeks Kualitas Air sebagai Alternatif Penilaian Kualitas Air Sungai

Pengembangan Indeks Kualitas Air (IKA) merupakan proses lanjutan dari penyusunan IKA yang dilakukan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kualitas dan Laboratorium Lingkungan (P3KLL) pada tahun 2016. Pengembangan IKA dilakukan melalui verifikasi terhadap komponen penyusun IKA yang meliputi kurva sub indeks, pembobotan parameter, dan verifikasi lapangan terhadap hasil formulasi IKA. Verifikasi lapangan dilakukan pada delapan lokasi di Sungai Ciliwung. Hasil verifikasi lapangan menunjukkan bahwa nilai IKA yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian kualitas air di laboratorium dan hasil verifikasi lapangan oleh panelis pada waktu bersamaan menunjukkan nilai yang tidak berbeda nyata, sehingga rumusan IKA yang telah dikembangkan sesuai digunakan untuk penilaian Sungai Ciliwung. Nilai IKA dikembangkan menjadi enam kriteria yaitu sangat baik (100 ≤ I > 90), baik (90 ≤ I ≥ 80) cukup baik (80 < I ≥ 70), sedang (70 < I ≥ 51), marginal (51< I ≥ 36), dan buruk (36 < I ≥ 0). Hasil aplikasi IKA menunjukkan bahwa salah satu sumber mata air Sungai Ciliwung di wilayah yang berada di lereng Gunung Pangrango menpunyai nilai 91 dengan kriteria sangat bagus. Sungai Condet sebagai salah satu anak sungai Ciliwung dengan sumber pencemar domestik yang tinggi berada pada nilai 35.5 dengan kriteria buruk. Enam lokasi Sungai Ciliwung lainya berada pada kriteria marginal sampai baik. Rumusan IKA yang telah diperoleh dapat diaplikasikan untuk instrumen penilaian sungai dan hasilnya dapat dimanfatkan untuk perencanaan dan evaluasi pengendalian pencemaran air sungai

Comparison of dosimetric parameters between intensity modulated and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning for adjuvant therapy of gastric cancer

Background: Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for gastric carcinoma, but the optimal radiation modality remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in terms of dosimetry for adjuvant gastric cancer treatment. Methods: 21 patients with stage IIB-IIIC gastric cancer, treated between January and June 2021, underwent surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiation with both IMRT and 3D-CRT plans. Dosimetric parameters were calculated for the planned target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR). Results: Both IMRT and 3D-CRT provided comparable PTV coverage. However, IMRT significantly improved kidney sparing, reducing the mean V20 value by 23% (p=0.01) for the right kidney and 26% (p=0.02) for the left kidney compared to 3D-CRT. IMRT also decreased the mean irradiated volume for both kidneys and the liver, as well as the V30 value for the liver, although these differences were not statistically significant. The dosimetric parameters for the spinal cord were comparable between IMRT and 3D-CRT plans. Conclusions: IMRT demonstrated better kidney sparing compared to 3D-CRT in adjuvant radiotherapy for gastric cancer, while PTV coverage was similar. Long-term follow-up is necessary to assess clinical outcomes and local recurrence rates for both treatment plans

Anticholinergic burden and associated healthcare resource utilization in older adults with overactive bladder

Background: Bladder anticholinergics are the most widely used drugs to treat overactive bladder (OAB) but can contribute to cumulative anticholinergic burden, which may be associated with adverse outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between cumulative anticholinergic burden and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs in older adults with OAB. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study that used data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD database. Participants were aged ≥ 65 years with ≥ 3 years of continuous enrolment before and ≥ 2 years after the index date (date of OAB diagnosis or first prescription for any OAB drug between 1 April 2007 and 31 December 2015). The primary endpoint was the association between cumulative anticholinergic burden (assessed using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden [ACB] scale during the 3-year pre-index period) and HRU (GP consultations, specialist referrals, urological tests, hospital admissions) over the 2-year post-index period. Results: Data from 23,561 adults were included in the analysis. Mean (SD) ACB scores in the pre- and post-index periods were 1.0 (1.1) and 2.4 (1.7), respectively; urological drugs contributed most (58.8%) to the latter. For the primary endpoint, higher pre-index ACB scores were associated with higher post-index HRU and costs. Mean (SD) ACB scores in the post-index period were 1.2 (1.3) and 2.5 (1.7) in those treated with mirabegron (beta-3 agonist) or bladder anticholinergics, respectively. Limitations: The generalizability of the results outside the UK is unclear. Conclusions: In older adults with OAB, higher anticholinergic burden before initiating OAB drugs is associated with higher HRU and costs. When making treatment decisions in older adults, consideration should be given to assessing the existing anticholinergic burden and using OAB treatments that do not add to this burden

Frequency of venous thromboembolism during hajj sessions 2017-2019 in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), both are serious health risks. In western countries, VTE affects about 114 to 184 people per 100,000. Asian populations have a significantly lower incidence than western populations. The true incidence of VTE is still not well documented in Saudi Arabia (KSA). There are different major risk factors especially in hajj season that predispose a person to thrombosis. The mortality rate of autopsy-based pulmonary embolism reaches up to 30%. Methods: This single-centered retrospective descriptive study was done in security forces hospital Makkah, Saudi Arabia during hajj period (30 days) for consecutive three-year. All admitted confirmed DVT and PE patients (N=32) of both genders with age &gt;14 years were included. Patients’ data were extracted from the electronic medical record. Data were analysed by SPSS version 23. Results: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was developed in 67.7% while 19.3% of patients suffered from pulmonary embolism (PE) out of a total of 32 subjects. Females were more affected by 18 (56.3%) than males by 14 (43.8%). The mean age of patients was 51.78 years (SD ±16.21). A statistically significant association (p&lt;0.005) between provoked VTE status and age, immobility, and history of surgery was seen. There was no mortality documented in this study. Conclusions: This study provides insights into hajj period hospital admitted patients’ frequency of VTE, changing patient profiles, management strategies, and subsequent outcomes in patients with venous thromboembolism. There is a need for greater awareness of VTE prophylaxis about its prevention, especially in hajj season