Mediating Role of Moral Identity in the Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Unethical Behavior of Employees: Evidence from the Oil and Gas Sector of Pakistan

This study draws on social identity, social learning, and trait-activation theories to probe if moral identity mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and unethical behavior. It investigates how ethical leadership serves as a predictor of employees’ unethical behavior and moral identity as a mediator between ethical leadership and employees’ unethical behavior. Together, these variables influence the self-reported unethical behavior of employees. The findings of this study are based on a sample of 297 oil and gas sector employees in Pakistan. For this purpose, data was analyzed through SPSS and AMOS. Consistent with trait-activation and social learning theories, employees on seeing their leaders behaving ethically develop a positive sense of the moral identity and report fewer incidences of unethical behavior. Furthermore, the findings suggested thatmoral identity and ethical leadership behavior are vital for predicting organizational outcomes. Thus, the originality of this study lies in the fact that it analyzed the influence of moral identity as a mediating variable. &nbsp

Evaluation of the root and canal morphology of mandibular first permanent molars in a sample of Pakistani population by cone-beam computed tomography

Objective: To evaluate the root canal morphology of permanent mandibular first molars using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Methods: The retrospective study was done at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised medical records of patients who visited the dental clinics from December 2016 to March 2017. Mandibular first permanent molars were evaluated on Cone Beam Computed Tomography images. Frequency distribution of Vertucci\u27s classification was determined, and so was the association between Vertucci\u27s classifications and gender. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 142 mandibular first permanent molars were evaluated on 78 Cone Beam Computed Tomography images. The most common Vertucci\u27s classification was Type IV for mesial root 86(60.56%) and Type I for distal root 63(44%). There was no difference in the two genders for root canal morphology (p\u3e0.05). Conclusions: Type IV Vertucci\u27s were prevalent in the mesial root and Type I were common in the distal root of permanent mandibular first molars

A HUMAN RESOURCE PERSPECTIVE ON POLICIES TO SUPPORT CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Within the last decade, the phenomenon of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained significance in the corporate world from a marketing context, yet very little empirical work exists to highlight its importance from a human resource context. CSR is often embedded in the sustainability agenda of the organization, in which different factors impact the CSR based human resource (HR) policies of an organization. The data were collected through interviews. In this interview, Telenor’s mission and policies for employees, society, environment and customers were analyzed. Three themes emerged in the interview that affected the CSR based HR policies: management style, economic impact of CSR on the organization and the overall CSR strategic approach of the firm. The paper concludes that CSR is strongly emphasized in Telenor Pakistan’s approach and reflected in its codes of conduct, policies as well as management style

Financial Development, Tourism and Economic Growth Nexus: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

This study explores the connection between tourism and economic growth keeping in view the importance of financial development in Pakistan. The outcomes of the study revealed that tourism and economic growth are co-integrated. Moreover, the results highlighted that tourism upsurges economic growth both in the short and long term in Pakistan. Similarly, the financial liberalization by and large has also the same impact on economic growth like tourism. Nonetheless, the coefficient of financial liberalization is having correct sign, but not that much overwhelming effect in the short run

Aesthetic rehabilitation in a patient with skeletal mandibular deficiency and open bite: Journey from splinted metalloceramic prosthesis to all-ceramic crowns

This case report is of a 31-year-old female who presented with splinted and faulty metalloceramic prosthesis on maxillary anterior teeth, which was responsible for localised periodontal disease and poor aesthetics. At multiple sites the ceramic had chipped off and the prosthesis colour did not match with the adjacent healthy teeth. A multidisciplinary approach of endodontics, periodontics and prosthodontics was employed for this case. The treatment plan consisted of removing the faulty prosthesis, endodontic retreatment of inadequately root-treated teeth and endodontics in the other coronally prepared abutment teeth. Crown lengthening surgery was performed for the correction of periodontal pockets and high smile line and maintenance of an adequate biological width. After periodontal healing, all-ceramic individual crowns were placed on the maxillary anterior teeth along with a three-unit all-ceramic bridge for the replacement of the left upper maxillary first premolar. The final results were aesthetically pleasing with good marginal fit. The patient was extremely satisfied with the outcome as all her concerns were addressed. It is, therefore, advisable to consider placing individual crowns rather than multiunit splinted prosthesis whenever possible

MRI features of spinal fluorosis: Results of an endemic community screening

Objectives: Fluorosis is endemic in many parts of the world. However community studies on MRI features of fluorosis are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine MRI features of spinal changes in a community with endemic fluorosis in the Thar Desert Pakistan.Methodology: Randomly selected adults from the Village Samorindh, district Tharparker, Sindh, Pakistan, with spinal fluorosis diagnosed on plain x-rays and raised serum fluoride levels were studied from June 2008 to January 2009. MRI was carried out on 0.5 T open magnet MRI system. Features of vertebral body, spinal ligaments, intervertebral disc, facet joints, iliac wings and other incidental findings were noted. Sclerosis was defined as low signal intensity on both T1 and T2 weighted images. RESULTS were described as mean and percentage values.Results: All the studied 27 subjects complained of back ache without neurological signs. The average age was 43.33 ± 10.45 years; 21 being male (77.8%). The most frequent findings included generalized vertebral sclerosis (24, 88.8%), ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (23, 85%), anterior (20, 74%) and lateral (17, 62.9%) disc herniation, thickened longitudinal ligaments, and narrowing of spinal foramina. Hemangioma was seen in 04(14.8%). The most commonly involved level was L1-2, L4-5 and lower dorsal spine.Conclusion: Vertebral sclerosis, a combination of premature degeneration with anterior disc herniation and an unusually high frequency of vertebral hemangioma formed the spectrum of MRI findings in subjects with spinal fluorosis having back ache but no neurological findings

Evaluation of root morphology and canal configuration of maxillary premolars in a sample of Pakistani population by using cone beam computed tomography

Objectives: To evaluate the root canal morphology of maxillary premolars. Method: This retrospective study was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and reviewed Cone Beam Computed Tomography images of maxillary first and second premolars done from November 2014 to October 2016. Frequency distribution of Vertucci\u27s classification was determined. Chi square test was applied to determine any association between Vertucci\u27s type and gender. SPSS 19 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the 114 first premolars, 74(68.6%) were bi-rooted and 36(31.5%) were single-rooted. The mean lengths of buccal and palatal roots were 20.6 ±1.7mm and 19.5±2.0 mm, respectively. The most common canal morphology reported for maxillary first premolars was type I 127(68%) followed by type II 24(12.9%). Of the 115 maxillary second premolars, 97(84%) were single-rooted. The mean lengths of buccal and palatal root were 20.7±1.6mm and 19.0±1.45mm, respectively. The most common canal morphology reported for second premolars was type I 71(53.4%) followed by type II 18(13.5%). Conclusion: Vertucci\u27s type I was the most common canal configuration for maxillary first and second premolars and there was no gender-based difference for root canal morphology of maxillary premolar