The power of place in disaster recovery: Heritage-based practice in the post-Matthew landscape of Princeville, North Carolina

This article examines shortcomings and possible improvements to standard post-disaster recovery processes through the lens of recovery in Princeville, North Carolina, the oldest black town in the United States. Princeville has faced existential challenges since it was settled in the Tar River floodplain in 1865, most recently in 2016 with flooding caused by Hurricane Matthew. The article describes the power of place attachment and the trauma caused by place-based disaster. It points out that significant rebuilding typically begins a full three years into a standard recovery timeline. And it argues that in the midst of that recovery process, our identification of significant landscapes—i.e., landscapes worth protecting and restoring—is too heavily driven by the object-oriented standards of traditional historic preservation. This article describes work coordinated by North Carolina State University design faculty in partnership with the town of Princeville to supplement abstract, top-down recovery processes with practice that is landscape-based and interactive, that marks histories and establishes concrete symbols of ongoing life, and that promises to help displaced communities to build social-ecological resilience and to heal. This type of work will only become more vital as more communities face climate-induced disasters and the need to rebuild. By describing the impetus and possible impact of NC State’s post-disaster work with Princeville, this article seeks to start a conversation about how our recovery processes can better recognize the power of place and the role of the land as a vehicle for resilience and healing

Determination of wood strength properties through standard test procedures

In this study a review of existing recognised standards for wood mechanical testing was conducted. This review considers tensile, compressive, bending and shear test methodologies from a range of sources. In addition, values for wood mechanical properties were obtained through controlled experimentation using a universal material testing machine. Selected standard procedures were used to obtain wood strength properties both along and across the grain. These consist of a three point bending procedure used to evaluate the wood strength across the grain and a longitudinal shear procedure used to evaluate the wood strength along the grain. Strength properties obtained through controlled experimentation are compared to values available in existing literature with little discrepancy

Machining of wood using a Rip Tooth: effects of work-piece variations on cutting mechanics

Genetics and environmental conditions during the growth of wood are known to affect the intrinsic characteristics influencing cutting mechanics. To evaluate this, a full factorial experiment has been performed investigating the effects of three significant factors involved in wood machining; wood species, moisture content and grain direction. A variety of woods were evaluated (five softwood and three hardwood species) at four moisture levels. As all woods are heterogeneous, anisotropic materials, machining was performed parallel and perpendicular to the grain direction. A three axis CNC router was used to drive a tool resembling a rip tooth, at low velocity, through each of the sixty-four wooden work-piece variations at three different depths of cut. To collect quantitative data, a piezoelectric dynamometer was used with a data acquisition system to measure and record the cutting and thrust force components acting on the tool. Chip formation and work-piece deformation was observed using images taken from an optical microscope. In this paper the results from the rip tooth experiment are compared to published results [1-7] in for planing operations from fundamental literature

Evaluation of handsaw tooth performance through the development of a controlled cutting test rig

In this study a conventional shaper machine has been converted into a controlled cutting test rig. A specially designed tool holder was attached to the actuating arm of the shaper machine. This tool holder constrained a small group of handsaw teeth designed to machine a groove followed by an adjustable single tooth that machined a specified depth of cut. A work-piece dynamometer was attached to the platform of the shaper machine. The three force transducers that compose the dynamometer were used to measure resultant cutting, thrust and side forces in the relative X, Y and Z axes. These are measured as the single tooth passes through the work-piece. In addition to force measurement, a high speed video camera was utilised to capture footage of the chip/surface formation where the tooth interacts with the wood work-piece. The recorded forces and captured footage of chip formation validate published findings that machining along the wood grain is a shearing process and machining across wood the grain is a bending process

Inferentially Remembering that p

Most of our memories are inferential, so says Sven Bernecker in Memory: A Philosophical Study. I show that his account of inferentially remembering that p is too strong. A revision of the account that avoids the difficulty is proposed. Since inferential memory that p is memory that q (a proposition distinct from p) with an admixture of inference from one’s memory that q and a true thought one has that r, its analysis presupposes an adequate account of the (presumably non-inferential) memory that q. Bernecker’s account of non-inferentially remembering that is shown to be inadequate. A remedy lies in strengthening the account by requiring the rememberer to have had prima facie justification to believe that q, any defeaters of which were misleading

A predictive model for the cutting force in wood machining developed using mechanical properties

In this study a number of work piece variations were evaluated whilst limiting the cutting conditions. Eight wood species controlled at four moisture levels were machined along and across the wood grain. The tool used during cutting was designed to resemble a rip saw tooth with zero rake angle and narrow edge width. Each work piece variation machined in the cutting tests was subjected to mechanical tests that evaluated bending properties across the grain and shear properties along the grain. The regression model establishes a relationship between the bending properties for cutting forces across the grain as well as shear properties for cutting forces along the grain. F and R2 values show that the elastic properties of the wood in bending and shear have less influence on the cutting forces when compared to the strength and toughness. Additionally density is seen to have less influence on the cutting force along the grain. This is explained by the tool passing through an unquantifiable proportion of early and latewood fibres from the annual growth rings. Cutting across the grain, the tool is forced to machine through approximately the same proportion of earlywood and latewood fibres

Development of a Dusky kob scFv gene phage display library for the discovery of antibodies to Brome mosaic virus - a proxy for a novel, emerging fish pathogen

Fish farming is rapidly becoming the world's fastest growing production sector, achieving an annual growth rate of approximately 8.9% since the early 1970s. However, high stocking densities result in elevated stress levels in farmed fish, leading to increased susceptibility to infection by opportunistic pathogens and parasites. Antibody phage display is a method that allows foreign peptides or proteins to be expressed on the phage surface through translational fusion with phage coat proteins. Consequently, antibodies expressed by a diverse repertoire of genes coding for the single chain variable fragment (scFv) of immunoglobulin M can be isolated and screened for affinity to a specific infectious agent or parasite. In this study, a phage display library displaying scFvs derived from combination pairings of Dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicas) variable heavy and light chain fragments, sourced from the splenic B cells of healthy Dusky kob, was constructed. The library was subjected to two rounds of biopanning against brome mosaic virus (BMV), a grass virus to which Dusky kob would have no prior exposure that served as a proxy for an emerging fish pathogen. Five clones were identified as having high affinity and specificity to BMV, as determined by phage enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and phage western blot analysis, respectively. To validate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of antibody fragments isolated from this phage display library, the gene encoding the antibody fragment of the clone displaying the highest affinity to BMV was selected and expressed using a yeast surface display system. ELISA analysis of serum sampled from Dusky kob exposed to BMV by injection demonstrated that the yeast displayed anti-BMV antibody could successfully detect BMV in the blood serum of BMV-infected Dusky kob with similar sensitivity to a commercially available counterpart. Similarly, this study demonstrated the neutralising effect of yeast displayed anti-BMV antibodies which were found to successfully reduce BMV infection in barley. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of a Dusky kob phage display library as a source of diagnostically and therapeutically important antibodies against emerging fish pathogens or parasites that threaten the fish farming industry of South Africa

A review of wood machining literature with a special focus on sawing

In this review, fundamental wood machining research is evaluated to determine the general cutting mechanics of simple, orthogonal, and oblique cutting tools. Simple tool force trends and chip formation characteristics are indentified here, along with the cause and effects of tool wear. In addition to this, specific methods of evaluating sawing processes have been investigated. These include the use of piezoelectric dynamometers to record tool forces and high speed photography to evaluate chip formation. Furthermore, regression analysis has been previously used to identify tool force trends with respect to both tooth geometry parameters and work-piece properties. This review has identified the original findings of previous research. This will allow for further original research to be conducted

An aid to accessing the distal internal carotid artery

Accessing the distal internal carotid artery can be a challenge to even the most experienced vascular surgeon. In most patients, the need for distal exposure can be anticipated in advance, thereby enabling the surgeon to consider simple measures, such as nasolaryngeal intubation, or more complex interventions, such as temporomandibular subluxation, to facilitate access. Once the procedure is underway, however, neither of these strategies can be used. The advantage of the approach described in this article is that it can be used at any time during the operation

Geomorphological control on boulder transport and coastal erosion before, during and after an extreme extra-tropical cyclone

Extreme wave events in coastal zones are principal drivers of geomorphic change. Evidence of boulder entrainment and erosional impact during storms is increasing. However, there is currently poor time coupling between pre- and post-storm measurements of coastal boulder deposits. Importantly there are no data reporting shore platform erosion, boulder entrainment and/or boulder transport during storm events – rock coast dynamics during storm events are currently unexplored. Here, we use high-resolution (daily) field data to measure and characterise coastal boulder transport before, during and after the extreme Northeast Atlantic extra-tropical cyclone Johanna in March 2008. Forty-eight limestone fine-medium boulders (n = 46) and coarse cobbles (n = 2) were tracked daily over a 0.1 km2 intertidal area during this multi-day storm. Boulders were repeatedly entrained, transported and deposited, and in some cases broken down (n = 1) or quarried (n = 3), during the most intense days of the storm. Eighty-one percent (n = 39) of boulders were located at both the start and end of the storm. Of these, 92% were entrained where entrainment patterns were closely aligned to wave parameters. These data firmly demonstrate rock coasts are dynamic and vulnerable under storm conditions. No statistically significant relationship was found between boulder size (mass) and net transport distance. Graphical analyses suggest that boulder size limits the maximum longshore transport distance but that for the majority of boulders lying under this threshold, other factors influence transport distance. Paired analysis of 20 similar sized and shaped boulders in different morphogenic zones demonstrates that geomorphological control affects entrainment and transport distance – where net transport distances were up to 39 times less where geomorphological control was greatest. These results have important implications for understanding and for accurately measuring and modelling boulde