Pre-oxidation of ammonium using nanofiltration membranes for partial nitrification preceding Anammox

This study examined the pre-oxidation of ammonium using a nanofiltration (NF) hollow fiber membrane module to provide an alternative to conventional partial nitrification preceding Anammox. A permeability study showed that NF membranes were suitable for use in the pre-oxidation of ammonium due to high ammonium fluxes across the membrane (low rejection of ammonium), while most COD (in the form of glucose) was retained inside the bulk phase (high rejection of glucose-COD). In pre-oxidation, ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) grown in the shell-side of the membrane module could oxidize the ammonium diffusing from the tube side mainly to nitrite, which then diffused back into the tube side, resulting in a mixture of ammonium and nitrite in the exit stream in an approximately equimolar ratio. This would meet the requirement for the Anammox process as suggested by previous reports. The application of a membrane process for the pre-oxidation of ammonium was found to be promising at a laboratory-scale, and practically viable at a scale similar to a full-scale reactor (Whitlingham STC, Norwich, UK) based on an estimate of the number of HF modules needed. However, a proper optimization study of the process is strongly recommended so that its feasibility could be further examined at a larger scale linking both nitritification and Anammox together

An overview of bus drivers and accident involvement

Common causes of bus accidents are similar to those causing other vehicular accidents. Bus accidents are rare, but they can cause major life disruption and unexpected expenses. Behavior of the bus driver does not only affect passengers comfort, but are also associated with the risk of road crash. In most driving situations, variations of driving behaviour and whether they get involved with accidents or not are influenced by various factors such as human factor, road and traffic situation, working environment, etc. This paper reviews these factors from previous research

EFEKTIVITAS PERUBAHAN WARNA TANDA NOMOR KENDARAAN BERMOTOR TERHADAP PENEGAKAN HUKUM LALU LINTAS BERBASIS ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT (Studi Kasus di Kepolisian Resor Tulungagung)

Nawi David Cahyono, 1210319178, Efektivitas Perubahan Warna Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor Terhadap Penegakan Hukum Lalu Lintas Berbasis Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (Studi Kasus di Kepolisian Resor Tulungagung), Program Studi Hukum Tata Negara, Fakultas Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum, UIN Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung, 2023, Pembimbing: Yusron Munawir S.H.I, M.H. Kata Kunci: Efektivitas, Perubahan Warna TNKB, Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya perubahan warna TNKB menjadi putih, Perubahan warna tanda nomor kendaraan bermotor ini merupakan suatu kebijakan dari kepolisian yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi dalam pengawasan lalu lintas berbasis ETLE. Mengingat di era digital ini semakin banyak mobilitas kendaraan yang melintas di jalan raya, hal tersebut tidak menutup kemungkinan adanya jumlah pelanggaran lalu lintas yang tinggi juga. ETLE hadir sebagai sistem penegakan hukum di lalu lintas yang efektif, namun dalam pelaksanaannya masih ada beberapa kendala, salah satunya adalah masih terdapat kesalahan dalam mengidentifikasi NOPOL kendaraan yang melanggar lalu lintas terutama saaat cuaca mendung dan saat malam hari. Dengan demikian, perubahan plat nomor kendaraan diharapkan menjadi penunjang sistem ETLE dalam penegakan hukum lalu lintas yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mengetahui secara pasti efektivitas perubahan warna TNKB Terhadap Penegakan Hukum Lalu Lintas Berbasis ETLE di Kabupaten Tulungagung. Maka rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Bagaimana Efektivitas Perubahan Warna Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor Terhadap Sistem ETLE di Kabupaten Tulungagung? 2) Bagaimana Perubahan Warna Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor Ditinjau dari Perspektif Hukum Islam? Metode penelitian yang digunakan peneliti adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian yuridis empiris yang menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data penelitian yang digunakan ialah analisis data dengan cara kualitatif terdapat pengumpulan data, kondensasi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Efektivitas perubahan warna TNKB terhadap ETLE di Kabupaten Tulungagung sudah dapat dikatakan efektif, karena teknologi kamera ETLE yang dimiliki sudah canggih dan dalam penindakannya sudah sesuai SOP yang ada. Namun ada beberapa kendala yang membuat tingkat efektivitas perubahan warna TNKB belum optimal, salah satunya adalah jumlah kamera ETLE di Kabupaten Tulungagung hanya terdapat dua jenis, yang pertama ETLE Statis yang hanya ditempatkan di satu titik lokasi di simpang empat Tamanan dan ETLE Mobile yang hanya ada satu unit. Maka dari itu untuk penegakan pelanggaran menggunakan ETLE belum optimal karena hanya mencangkup wilayah tertentu. Sehingga mengakibatkan kesadaran hukum masyarakat Tulungagung terhadap peraturan lalu lintas tidak berjalan, masayarakat akan tertib hanya di titik-titik tertentu. 2) Dalam pandangan hukum islam, perubahan warna TNKB dapat dianggap sebagai tindakan yang sah karena bertujuan untuk menanggulangi pelanggaran lalu lintas, hal ini sejalan dengan prinsip hukum islam yang mementingkan kemaslahatan atau maslahah. Menurut pandangan hukum Islam, keselamatan dan kemaslahatan umat manusia adalah tujuan utama hukum. Oleh karena itu, segala tindakan yang bertujuan untuk menjaga keselamatan dan kemaslahatan masyarakat, seperti tindakan pencegahan pelanggaran lalu lintas, harus didukung

Structural and defect changes in black carbon charcoal irradiated with gamma ray

This study investigates the use of black carbon charcoal as passive radiation dosimetry, offering low dependence on photon energy and near soft tissue effective atomic number with state-of-the-art techniques. Regression an�alyses have now been conducted using graphite manufactured commercially in the form of charcoal from three different types: mangrove, coconut, and green charcoal recycled from sawdust, working with photon-mediated interactions at radiotherapy dose levels. Explorations of changes in Raman spectroscopic characteristics, and photoluminescence dose dependence have been performed with a focus on the relationship between absorbed radiation energy and induced material changes, using a 60Co gamma-ray source doses ranging from 0 to 10 Gy. Raman spectroscopy has established to be an effective method for exploring defects in carbon-based materials due to its high sensitivity, most commonly focusing on the use of ID/IG parameter. While photoluminescence analysis will provide information on electronic properties and the band gap energy. The crystal structure of the black charcoal samples was characterised using X-ray diffractometry, with the goal of determining the degree of structural order, atomic spacing, and lattice constants of the various irradiated charcoal samples, supported by crystallite size assessments. The findings of this study could pave the way for a low-cost yet highly effective system for studying radiation-induced changes in carbon, as well as offering a viable alternative to current commercial dosimeters, well suited to applications in radiotherapy

The Thermoluminescence Response of Ge-Doped Flat Fibers to Gamma Radiation

Study has been undertaken of the thermoluminescence (TL) yield of various tailor-made flat cross-section 6 mol% Ge-doped silica fibers, differing only in respect of external dimensions. Key TL dosimetric characteristics have been investigated, including glow curves, dose response, sensitivity, fading and reproducibility. Using a 60Co source, the samples were irradiated to doses within the range 1 to 10 Gy. Prior to irradiation, the flat fibers were sectioned into 6 mm lengths, weighed, and annealed at 400 °C for 1 h. TL readout was by means of a Harshaw Model 3500 TLD reader, with TLD-100 chips (LiF:Mg, Ti) used as a reference dosimeter to allow the relative response of the fibers to be evaluated. The fibers have been found to provide highly linear dose response and excellent reproducibility over the range of doses investigated, demonstrating high potential as TL-mode detectors in radiation medicine applications. Mass for mass, the results show the greatest TL yield to be provided by fibers of the smallest cross-section, analysis indicating this to be due to minimal light loss in transport of the TL through the bulk of the silica medium

Thermoluminescence response of ge-doped optical fiber dosimeters with different core sizes

Thermoluminescence (TL) properties of five different core diameter of 6 mol% germanium (Ge) doped optical fibers have been investigated for the purpose of TL dosimetry. The optical fiber dosimeter TL properties is compared with commercially available TLD-100 chips (LiF:Mg,Ti). Samples were irradiated using Cobalt-60 standard radiation source ranging from 1Gy to 10 Gy. These fibers show good linear dose response up to 10 Gy. Highest core diameter of Ge doped optical fiber (core 100 μm) provides the best response among all fibers. We observe the larger core fiber show better response than smaller core fiber. The relative sensitivity of 100 μm core optical fiber is 0.26 ± 0.04 with respect to TLD-100 chip