Biodistribution and Clearance of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Rats after Intravenous Injection.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used in many applications. Due to their small size, easy body penetration and toxicological adverse effects have been suspected. Numerous studies have tried to characterize TiO2 translocation after oral, dermal or respiratory exposure. In this study, we focused on TiO2 nanoparticle biodistribution, clearance and toxicological effects after intravenous injection, considering TiO2 translocation in the blood occurs. Using ICP-OES, transmission electron microscopy, and histological methods, we found TiO2 accumulation in liver, lungs and spleen. We estimated TiO2 nanoparticles' half life in the body to about 10 days. Clinical biomarkers were also quantified for 56 days to identify potential toxicological impact on lungs, blood, liver, spleen and kidneys. Results showed absence of toxicological effects after TiO2 intravenous injection at concentrations of 7.7 to 9.4 mg/kg

Size distribution of TiO₂ suspension in NaCl determined by dynamic light scattering.

<p>Size distribution of TiO₂ suspension in NaCl determined by dynamic light scattering.</p

Titanium dosage in organs and urine performed by ICP-OES.

<p>N.D. Not determined</p><p>Each value represents mean from 6 independent experiments ± SD. For each suspension, 3 measurements were performed.</p><p>(*) represent a statistical difference (p<0.05).</p><p>Titanium dosage in organs and urine performed by ICP-OES.</p

Data correlation in compartmental model.

<p>Data are represented as blue crosses. Means of data at each time are represented as pink dots. Confidence interval at 95% is represented by a dotted line (Mean ± 1.96 × SD). Results obtained with the compartmental model are represented as a black line.</p

Schematic representation of the kinetic models.

<p>Schematic representation of the kinetic models.</p

HE optical microscopy analysisof TiO₂ agglomerates in target organs.

<p>(A) Liver, 1 day after treatment, (B) Liver, 56 days after treatment, (C) Lungs, 1 day after treatment, (D) Lungs, 56 days after treatment, (E) Spleen, 1 day after treatment, (F) Spleen, 56 days after treatment, (F) Kidney, 1 day after treatment, (G) Kidney, 56 days after treatment.</p

Transmission electron microscopy analysis and energy dispersive X ray microanalysis spectrum of TiO₂ agglomerates in urine, liver, spleen and kidneys 28 days after intravenous injection.

<p>Transmission electron microscopy analysis and energy dispersive X ray microanalysis spectrum of TiO₂ agglomerates in urine, liver, spleen and kidneys 28 days after intravenous injection.</p