Validity and Reliability of a Persian Version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Scale in Patients with Bipolar Type One Disorder

Background: The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry scale (SCIP) is designed for assessment of cognitive function in patients with psychiatry disorders. English and Spanish versions of SCIP have been shown to be sensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction as a standard test. The SCIP is a scale intended to quickly and easily assess the cognitive impairment in patient with sever psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of Persian version of SCIP when applied to patients diagnosed with bipolar type one disorder. Methods: Psychometric properties were evaluated in a group of 30 patients aged between 18 and 55 years who were in stable phase of bipolar type one disorder and a control group of 30 healthy people using Persian version of SCIP, controlled oral word association test (COWAT), Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT), digit symbol coding (Wechsler adult intelligence III) test, and Trail Making Test (TMT) part A and B. Results: The subscales of Persian version of SCIP were significantly correlated with the corresponding standard neurocognitive tests with an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85). Test-retest reliability showed intraclass correlation coefficient as 0.94. Conclusion: Generally, Persian version of SCIP showed reasonable validity and reliability in order to assess cognitive impairments in patients with bipolar type one disorder and differentiate these patients from healthy control group in this term. Keywords Bipolar Disorder; Cognitive Impairment; Screening; Psychiatr

Construction and Validation of the Narcissism and Vulnerable Narcissism Scale in a Non-clinical Sample in Iran

Background: This study was carried out to construct and validate Narcissism and Vulnerable Narcissism Scale (NVS) in a non-clinical sample in Iran. Methods: Through a review of literature, the affecting factors for narcissism and vulnerable narcissism were identified. Items for them were designed and their face validity and content validity were assessed via consultation with 5 psychoanalysts. 804 students, recruited through stratified sampling, completed the designed scale and Maladaptive Covert Narcissism Scale (MCNS). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied for factor analysis. Cronbach alpha was used to confirm the reliability of factors. The difference between two genders was investigated using t test. The frequency of narcissism and vulnerable narcissism were estimated based on the z-scores. Results: Three factors of “grandiosity”, “devaluation”, and “social detachment” for narcissism part (24 items) and four factors of “negative emotions”, “fear of defect”, “low and fluctuating self-esteem”, and “withdrawal” for vulnerable narcissism part (27 items) of the scale showed reasonable validity and reliability. Pearson correlation coefficient between the two parts of narcissism and vulnerable narcissism and MCNS was estimated 0.42 and 0.47, respectively. Based on the score of 2 standard deviation (SD) above the mean, 2.0% of men, and 2.6% of women had narcissism, among which, 14.2% and 45.4% showed vulnerable narcissism, respectively. Conclusion: This scale showed suitable validity and reliability for screening narcissism and vulnerable narcissism. It needs to be replicated in other clinical and non-clinical samples with various demographic characteristics. Keywords Narcissism; Self report; Surveys; Scale

پایایی و روایی نسخه فارسی مقیاس غربالگری نقایص شناختی در روان‌پزشکی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک

مقدمه:مقیاس غربالگری نقایص شناختی در روان‌پزشکی (Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry یا SCIP)، از ابزارهای بررسی نقایص شناختی جدید می‌باشد که نسخه انگلیسی و اسپانیایی آن در جمعیت‌های نرمال و جمعیت بیماران مبتلا به اختلالات دوقطبی و اسکیزوفرنی پایایی و روایی مناسبی را نشان داده است. استفاده از این ابزار آسان است و برای تکمیل، حداکثر 15 دقیقه زمان نیاز دارد. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی پایایی و روایی نسخه فارسی مقیاس SCIP در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک و مقایسه با جمعیت شاهد بود. شیوه مطالعه: در یک گروه 30 نفره از بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک و 30 فرد عادی (گروه شاهد) که در محدوده سنی 18 تا 55 سال قرار داشتند، مقیاس SCIP و تعدادی آزمون‌های شناختی استاندارد شامل آزمون سیالی کلام (حروف و معنایی) (Controlled Oral Word Association Test یا COWAT)، آزمون یادگیری کلامی شنیداری Rey (RAVLT یا Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test)، آزمون جایگزینی نماد ارقام [Digit symbol coding (Wechsler adult intelligence III)] و آزمون ساخت دنباله (الف و ب) [TMT یا Trail Making Test (A, B) ] انجام شد. یافته‌ها:زیرمقیاس‌های نسخه فارسی SCIP همبستگی معنی‌داری با تست‌های شناختی استاندارد داشتند. همچنین، زیرمقیاس‌های SCIP همبستگی درونی معنی‌داری را با یکدیگر نشان دادند (0.85 = Cronbach's alpha). بر اساس نتایج آزمون-بازآزمون، ضریب (ICC)Intraclass correlation coefficient ، 0.94 به دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، نتایج مطالعه حاضر بیانگر روایی و پایایی قابل قبول نسخه فارسی SCIP در بررسی نقایص شناختی بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک و نیز افتراق این بیماران از افراد سالم از نظر نقایص شناختی می‌باشد. کلیدواژه‌ها اختلال دوقطبی؛ نقایص شناختی؛ غربالگری؛ روان‌پزشک

Effects of Methadone on Liver Enzymes in Patients Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Background: Methadone is currently the most frequently used substance in the treatment of short-term and particularly long-term opiate dependence. Patients' beliefs about the adverse effects of methadone on function of organs, especially liver, have widely affected the use of this substance. This study aimed to determine the effects of methadone on liver enzyme levels in patients on methadone maintenance treatment. Methods: In a retrospective study, a total of 94 patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy were recruited from Shahid Beheshti Hospital (Kerman, Iran). Liver enzyme levels in all patients were tested every six months from the onset of treatment until 24 months. The relations between test results and age, gender, and methadone dose were then evaluated. Data was analyzed using logistic regression with random data plan. Findings: At the 24th month, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 4 patients (4.3%) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in 3 patients (3.2%) were above normal. Among 46 patients (50%) who had normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels after 24 months, 26 subjects were younger than 40 and 20 subjects were over 40 years of age. The mean age of subjects with abnormal ALP levels and the mean methadone dose were 39.9 years and 19.55 cc, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the significant effect of methadone on ALP levels. These effects can account for cholestatic pattern liver injury (obstruction). Further prospective studies including greater samples of patients with heart and liver complications and encompassing other drugs are required to confirm our findings.Keywords: Methadone, Substance abuse, Liver, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatas

ساخت و اعتبارسنجی پرسش‌نامه خودشیفتگی و خودشیفتگی حساس در یک نمونه غیر بالینی در ایران

مقدمه: مطالعه حاضر با هدف ساخت پرسش‌نامه خودشیفتگی و خودشیفتگی حساس (NVS یا Narcissism and Vulnerable Narcissism Scale) و سنجش پایایی و روایی آن در یک نمونه غیر بالینی در ایران انجام شد. شیوه مطالعه: با مروری بر منابع، عوامل خودشیفتگی و خودشیفتگی حساس مشخص و سؤالات برای هر عامل طراحی شد. روایی محتوایی و ظاهری با نظر پنج روان‌پزشک که حیطه اصلی فعالیت آن‌ها روان‌درمانی تحلیلی بود، مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. ۸۰۴ دانشجو به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌بندی شده انتخاب شدند و پرسش‌نامه مورد نظر و معیار (MCNS) Maladaptive Covert Narcissism Scale را تکمیل نمودند. آنالیز فاکتور اکتشافی با روش مؤلفه‌های اصلی (Principal component analysis یا PCA) جهت تحلیل عامل و ضریب Cronbach,s alpha برای ارزیابی پایایی عوامل مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. تفاوت بین دو جنس با استفاده از آزمون t و فراوانی خودشیفتگی و خودشیفتگی حساس بر اساس z-score ارزیابی گردید. یافته‌ها: سه عامل «خودبزرگ‌بینی، بی‌ارزش سازی و گسستگی اجتماعی» برای قسمت خودشیفتگی (با ۲۴ سؤال) و چهار عامل «احساسات منفی، ترس از نقص، اعتماد به نفس پایین و نوسانی و انزوا» برای قسمت خودشیفتگی حساس (با ۲۷ سؤال) پایایی و روایی کافی داشتند. میزان همبستگی Pearson دو قسمت خودشیفتگی و خودشیفتگی حساس با MCNS به ترتیب 0.42 و 0.47 به دست آمد. بر اساس نمره دو انحراف معیار بالای میانگین، 2.0 درصد از مردان و 2.6 درصد از زنان مورد بررسی، شخصیت خودشیفته داشتند و از میان آن‌ها به ترتیب 14.2 و 45.4 درصد واجد خودشیفتگی حساس بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: پرسش‌نامه NVS دارای روایی و پایایی مناسبی برای تشخیص خودشیفتگی و سپس خودشیفتگی حساس می‌باشد. لازم است اعتبارسنجی این پرسش‌نامه در جمعیت‌های بالینی و غیر بالینی با مشخصات دموگرافیک متنوعی مورد تأیید قرار گیرد. کلیدواژه‌ها خودشیفتگی؛ خودگزارشگر؛ سنجش‌ها؛ پرسش‌نامه‌ه

Viral infections in 47 CVID patients in allergy and immunology department of Rasool E Akram hospital in Tehran

Background: CVID is a heterogeneous primary immune deficiency with infectious, autoimmune and autoinflamatory features. It is most common symptomatic PID in Iran, with prevalence of 1 in 25000 to 50000 people. CVID has been divided into some phenotypes to produce more homogenized subpopulations. CVID is not a pure Ab deficiency .and because of both abnormalities in Tcell and innate immunity in combination with B cell dysfunction these patients are predisposed to viral and opportunistic infections. Method: prevalence of viral infections is reported in 47 CVID patients registered in Rasool E Akram hospital in Tehran. Patients have been diagnosed as CVID with the PAGID-ESID diagnostic criteria in our department or referred from other clinics for follow up and treatment. Diagnosis of viral germs has been made by clinical signs, pathological significances and in some cases by PCR. Cases: 9 patients (19%) had problems with viral infections. Infections occurred befor diagnosis of CVID in some cases or after that. Four patients (8.5 %) had problems with wart. Sever mucocutaneus HSV infection has occurred in 3 (6 %), recurrent zona in one (2 %) and CMV infection as colitis or pneumonitis in 3(6 %) patients. Sever progressive lethal CNS infection with JC virus occurred in one patient. Conclusion: evidences show that CVID is not a pure B cell defect, and we should be aware of opportunistic and viral infections that in some cases may be fatal

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Incidence of Injury in Professional Female Soccer

The epidemiology of injury in male professional football is well documented and has been used as a basis to monitor injury trends and implement injury prevention strategies. There are no systematic reviews that have investigated injury incidence in women’s professional football. Therefore, the extent of injury burden in women’s professional football remains unknown. PURPOSE: The primary aim of this study was to calculate an overall incidence rate of injury in senior female professional soccer. The secondary aims were to provide an incidence rate for training and match play. METHODS: PubMed, Discover, EBSCO, Embase and ScienceDirect electronic databases were searched from inception to September 2018. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement using a 22-item STROBE checklist. Seven prospective studies (n=1137 professional players) were combined in a pooled analysis of injury incidence using a mixed effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q statistic and I2. RESULTS: The epidemiological incidence proportion over one season was 0.62 (95% CI 0.59 - 0.64). Mean total incidence of injury was 3.15 (95% CI 1.54 - 4.75) injuries per 1000 hours. The mean incidence of injury during match play was 10.72 (95% CI 9.11 - 12.33) and during training was 2.21 (95% CI 0.96 - 3.45). Data analysis found a significant level of heterogeneity (total Incidence, X2 = 16.57 P < 0.05; I2 = 63.8%) and during subsequent sub group analyses in those studies reviewed (match incidence, X2 = 76.4 (d.f. = 7), P <0.05; I2 = 90.8%, training incidence, X2 = 16.97 (d.f. = 7), P < 0.05; I2 = 58.8%). Appraisal of the study methodologies revealed inconsistency in the use of injury terminology, data collection procedures and calculation of exposure by researchers. Such inconsistencies likely contribute to the large variance in the incidence and prevalence of injury reported. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated risk of sustaining at least one injury over one football season is 62%. Continued reporting of heterogeneous results in population samples limits meaningful comparison of studies. Standardising the criteria used to attribute injury and activity coupled with more accurate methods of calculating exposure will overcome such limitations