El control de la actividad administrativa en la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812

Las dos primeras partes de este trabajo se dirigen a estudiar el origen y la evolución posterior del sistema de control contencioso de la Administración en España. La tercera parte de este trabajo se dirige a analizar el sistema de fiscalización de la actividad administrativa establecido por la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812. Lo cierto, es que la Constitución de Cádiz no contempló, explícitamente, en su articulado, el sistema de fiscalización administrativa; pero, estableció una separación rígida de poderes y reguló un Consejo de Estado que se diferenciaba sustancialmente de su homónimo francés, lo que ha llevado a la doctrina mayoritaria a aseverar la opción doceañista por el modelo judicialista, en el que se encomendaba a los jueces ordinarios el control judicial de la actividad administrativa; planteándose, entonces las siguientes cuestiones: ¿modelo judicialista puro?, ¿vacío legal?, ¿control jurídico de la Administración o control jurídico de los administradores?The first two parts of this work is directed to study the origin and subsequent evolution of the control system of the Administrative activity in Spain. The third part of this work is directed to study the control system of administrative activity established by the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812. The truth is, that the Cadiz Constitution did not consider, explicitly, the system of administrative control; but established a rigid separation of powers and a State Council regulated that differed substantially from its French namesake, this has led to the majority doctrine to assert the option of the 1812 Constitution by the judicial model, which was entrusted to the ordinary courts judicial control of administrative action; considering, then, the following questions: pure judicial model? loophole? legal control of Administration or legal control of managers

Estado democrático y partidos políticos

Discute a evolução do Estado Democrático de Direito, desde a origem dos partidos políticos no século XIX até sua transição para um modelo de democracia procedimental no final do século XX. Explora a transformação dos partidos europeus, inicialmente representados por nobres e burgueses, para os partidos de massa atuais

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field