Estereotipos y roles : mujeres en el cine

En todas las sociedades podemos comprobar desigualdades entre género en las relaciones de poder. Pratto y Walker (2004) basan estas diferencias en cuatro pilares: la fuerza o violencia, tanto física como psicológica; el control de recursos, las obligaciones sociales (en las que la parte que depende mas de la otra está en situación de inferioridad en cuanto al poder) y la ideología (que justifican las desigualdades o diferencias de poder). Estos cuatro aspectos se relacionan entre si y como consecuencia se produce una asimetría en los deberes sociales entre hombres y mujeres haciendo de la obligación de proveer cuidados un rol eminentemente femenino que se convierte en un arma de doble filo,(Morales Marente, M. E, 2007). En este trabajo se analizan roles y estereotipos sociales a través del cine utilizando para ello la película Cosas que diría con solo mirarla, de Rodrigo García, (USA, 2000). Mujeres que en la esfera pública desempeñan roles tradicionalmente masculinos, y que para aparentar ser fuertes y seguras, ocultan sus dudas y soledades inmersas en conflicto interno entre renuncias y deseos

Pre‐historic eating patterns in Latin America and protective effects of plant‐based diets on cardiovascular risk factors

In this review, we present the contributions to nutrition science from Latin American native peoples and scientists, appreciated from a historic point of view since pre‐historic times to the modern age. Additionally, we present epidemiological and clinical studies on the area of plant‐based diets and their relation with the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases conducted in recent decades, and we discuss challenges and perspectives regarding aspects of nutrition in the region

Estudio preliminar del proceso fin de vida mediante triangulación de datos en un hospital comarcal

Objective: To know the characteristics of the end-of-life process in a Regional Hospital, according to the actors involved, establishing convergence/divergence elements in care process, decision-making, information and knowledge.Method: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, convergent of mixed methods and data triangulation study. Carried out on a sample of 63 subjects, of which 25 were health professionals, 19 family caregivers and 19 medical records of patients who died in the course of a year.Results: Data triangulation shows discrepancies between family members and health professionals regarding care quality and the information provided. The lack of documentation in medical records of care aspects related to decision-making or terminal sedation stands out.Conclusion: This study provides an integrated view of end-of-life care provided in a Regional Hospital, identifying priority areas of intervention in order to improve quality of life in this process, such as patient involvement in decision-making, appropriate completion of medical records and health professional training.Objetivo: Conocer las características del proceso de final de vida en un Hospital Comarcal, según los actores implicados, estableciendo los elementos de convergencia/divergencia en el proceso asistencial, toma de decisiones, información y conocimientos. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo, convergente y analítico de métodos mixtos y triangulación de datos. Se realizó sobre una muestra de 63 sujetos, de los que 25 fueron profesionales, 19 familiares cuidadores y 19 historias clínicas de pacientes fallecidos a lo largo de un año.Resultados: La triangulación de datos muestra discrepancias entre familiares y profesionales de salud en cuanto a la calidad de la asistencia y la información facilitada. Destaca la falta de registro en las historias clínicas revisadas sobre aspectos del proceso asistencial relacionados con la toma de decisiones o la sedación terminal.Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona una visión integrada sobre la atención sanitaria en el proceso de final de vida prestada en un Hospital Comarcal. Muestra áreas prioritarias de intervención, para mejorar la calidad de vida en este proceso, como son la implicación del paciente en la toma de decisiones, la cumplimentación adecuada en las historias clínicas y la formación de los profesionales

Stricter Adherence to Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Its Association with Lower Blood Pressure, Visceral Fat, and Waist Circumference in University Students

We are grateful to the university students for their participation in this study.How diet affects blood pressure (BP) in young adults has not been studied in sufficient depth. For this purpose, we analyzed adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern and BP in Spanish university students. The sample population of our cross-sectional study consisted of 244 subjects (18–31 years old), who were in good health. Measurements were taken of their systolic and diastolic BP. A food frequency questionnaire and 72 h food record were used to assess their dietary intake in the previous year. The resulting DASH score was based on foodstuffs that were emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet. Analysis of covariance adjusted for potential confounding factors showed that the mean values for systolic BP, visceral fat rating, and waist circumference (WC) of the subjects in the upper third of the DASH score were significantly lower than those of the subjects in the lower third (for systolic BP: mean difference −4.36 mmHg, p = 0.004; for visceral fat rating: mean difference −0.4, p = 0.024; for waist circumference: mean difference −3.2, p = 0.019). Stricter adherence to the DASH dietary pattern led to a lower BP, visceral fat rating, and WC values in these university students. Nevertheless, further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.This study was funded by the Programme Contract (2015–2017) of the Faculty of Nursing of Melilla (University of Granada), specifically the research line “Lifestyles and health care in a multicultural population”

Cultural influence on the expression of labour‑associated pain

Background: Every woman expresses pain differently during birth since it depends on a multitude of predictive factors. The medical care received, companionship during birth, cultural background and language barriers of the women in labour can influence on the expression of pain. This study aims to evaluate the expression of pain during birth and its associated factors in women treated in a Spanish border town. Methods: The study included 246 women in labour. The expression of pain during labour was evaluated using the validated ESVADOPA scale. A descriptive analysis and association study were performed between cultural identity and dimensions of the scale. Multiple linear regression models were performed to assess the association between cultural identity, origin, language barrier, and companionship during labour. Results: The women included in the study comprised 68.7% Berbers, 71.5% Muslims and 82.1% were accompanied during labour. An association between cultural identity and greater body expression of pain (p = 0.020; Cramer’s V = 0.163) in addition to its verbal expression was found during the latent phase of labour, (p = 0.028; Cramer’s V = 0.159). During the active phase of labour, cultural identity was associated with pain expression through greater body response, verbal expression, expression of the facial muscles, anxiety, inability to relax and vegetative symptoms. The different factors studied that had a predictive value were companionship (p = 0.027) during the latent phase of labour and Berber origin (p = 0.000), language barrier (p = 0.014) and companionship (p = 0.005) during the active phase of labour. The models designed predict pain expression in the latent phase by companionship and type of companionship (β = 1.483; 95%CI = 0.459–2.506, β = 0.238; 95%CI = 0.029–0. 448, respectively), and in the active phase by background, language barrier and companionship (β = 0.728; 95%CI = 0.258–1.198, β = 0.738; 95%CI = 0.150–1.326, β = 1.888; 95%CI = 0.984–2.791, respectively). Conclusion: Culture, origin, language barrier and companionship during labour influences the manner in which women in labour express their pain. An understanding of this may help midwives correctly interpret the signs of pain expression and be able to offer the appropriate assistance depending on a woman’s particular characteristics. There is a clear need for new models of maternity care that will take the cultural and language characteristics of women in labour into consideration

Legislação de propriedade industrial do Brasil e México no contexto do Acordo Trips e da epidemia da AIDS: um estudo comparativo

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar retrospectivamente o significado da interseção de dois fenômenos sociomodernos. Em primeiro lugar, a epidemia de HIV/AIDS (Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida), com suas características históricas pouco usuais e alta letalidade; e, por sua vez, a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na sociedade, como o Acordo Trips (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects), com amplas repercussões sobre a saúde pública, sendo aqui tratados especificamente os casos de Brasil e México. Ambos os países modificaram suas leis de propriedade intelectual (LPI) para implementar o Acordo Trips (e, no caso do México, também o Nafta) nas últimas duas décadas, levando a patamares mais elevados de proteção de propriedade intelectual no México, quando comparado ao Brasil. Essas mudanças, porém, podem ter contribuído, no caso do México, para um menor rendimento e eficácia do seu programa de combate à epidemia de AIDS¬HIV já que, para dar uma cobertura mais adequada de tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) a sua população, teve que enfrentar maiores dificuldades para sua aquisição. No substrato dos fatores causais dessas divergências, podem ser considerados diversos fatores de natureza econômica e política, dentre eles a maior ou menor magnitude da influência política dos Estados Unidos e interesses econômicos de suas empresas transnacionais sobre ambos os países

Sexuality and Religious Ethics: Analysis in a Multicultural University Context

Sexuality is still perceived by some cultures as a taboo subject. Although there is now a more open attitude towards sexuality, the maintenance of virginity is one of the most concerning issues in some religions. The aim of this research is to investigate the sexual behavior of university students and analyze how culture and religion influence the beliefs and maintenance of virginity in women and men. A mixed methodology was used, involving 355 students in the quantitative design and 18 informants for the qualitative study who took part in two focus groups. The results indicate that religion and the degree of religious practice are predictor variables for the decision to have penetrative sex, with Muslim women and men giving more importance to the maintenance of a woman’s virginity. However, this hymen-centric view does not prevent other sexual practices, such as oral and/or anal sex, among young people who wish to maintain their virginity until marriage. Religious ethics continue to influence the sexual behavior of young people today. Therefore, nursing education must address these issues to improve the affective sexual health of the population.Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Dinamización de las aulas II. Difusión de conocimientos a través de Redes Sociales y Charlas Educativas. Uniendo presente y pasado para una sexualidad saludable en las distintas etapas del ciclo vital

La forma de sociabilizarse, de difundir el conocimiento y de buscar información ha variado en los últimos años a una velocidad vertiginosa. Hasta hace relativamente pocos años, y aún en la actualidad, la formación del alumnado en cuanto a Educación Sanitaria está guiada por la utilización de medios de difusión tradicionales como dípitcos, trípticos y/o carteles. Estos métodos, si bien son un refuerzo para alcanzar las metas de promoción de la salud, actualmente son escasos y no cubren las características de la población. Las nuevas formas de interacción como las redes sociales han producido el cambio. Gran parte de nuestra sociedad las usa en su que hacer diario, siendo fuente de información y medio de interacción social.   Unos de los aspectos a tener en cuenta en la Educación para la Salud es la Salud Sexual, muchas veces olvidadas en las consultas de Enfermería, eslabón primario entre pacientes y especialistas. Capacitar al alumnado de nuevas herramientas y ayudarlos a combinarlas con las tradicionales, conllevará a tener egresados/as capaces de seleccionar el método más adecuado según la población de intervención, además, pueden ser un vínculo ideal para promocionar estas nuevas herramientas entre los profesionales de la Salud.Unidad de Calidad, Innovación Docente y Prospectiva. Universidad de Granad

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Family Nursing Practice Scale (FNPS) for use with Spanish-speaking Nursing Degree students

Aim. The task proposed was to conduct a cultural adaptation of the Family Nursing Practice Scale and to assess the psychometric properties of the resulting instrument. Background. Nursing students must obtain sufficient personal competence and confidence to act with patients and their families. For this purpose, an assessment scale is needed to inform teachers of the student’s progress and to determine whether further training or changes in teaching methods are required. Design. A cross-sectional study design was used. Methods. The researchers conducted this study with 202 students of nursing at two Spanish universities. In the cultural adaptation, the following steps were followed: definition of concepts, translation, back translation, expert group review and implementation by a pilot group with a subsequent cognitive interview. Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach’s alpha. Reliability was verified by an initial application of the scale, followed by a repetition after seven days, analysing the results obtained in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient, the construct validity (by Spearman’s non-parametric correlation test) and confirmatory factor analysis (using JASP 0.16.4 statistical software). Results. Cronbach’s alpha resulted in 0.95. Spearman's correlation coefficient Family Nursing Practice Scale total with the course year was –0.26 < 0.001. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score of the scale was 0.91. The confirmatory factor analysis was performed on a model in which the total score for the scale was considered in relation to the two subscales, and each subscale in relation to its constituent ítems […] Conclusions. These results indicate that the Spanish version presents good internal consistency, construct validity and reliability. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis confirms that it presents a good fit to the model initially proposed for this scale for Nursing Degree students.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

POLÍTICA DE SAÚDE PARA A EPIDEMIA DA AIDS DO BRASIL E MÉXICO NO CONTEXTO DO ACORDO TRIPS

Durante as últimas duas décadas, a sociedade testemunhou dois fenômenos sociaisque a afetaram substancialmente: a epidemia de HIV/AIDS com suas características poucousuais e alta letalidade; e a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na vida cotidiana,como o Acordo TRIPS com amplas repercussões sobre a saúde pública. O objetivo destetrabalho foi analisar retrospectivamente como foi a política de saúde de combate à epidemiado HIV/AIDS de Brasil e México. Comparativamente, o impacto da epidemia do HIVsobre a população foi maior no Brasil que no México, gerando no primeiro uma maiorpreocupação da sociedade civil, levando a classe política a tomar medidas inovadoras