SURVEY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF VIRUSES INFECTING CUCURBITS INYOGYAKARTAANDCENTRALJAVA

ABSTRACT Cucurbits are grown throughout the Java Island as dry season crops. Plants having mosaic, mottling, chlorosis and leaf distortion symptoms were frequently found in most of the cucurbit fields during the survey which conducted in Central Java including Sleman,Kulon Progo, and Klaten during July-September 2000 and 2001. Usingdouble antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA)Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV)and Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV)were found infecting cucurbits.CMV was widespread, infecting 48.9% of the samples tested followed by CGMMV (12.8%) and KGMMV (6.4%), while others samples (31.9%) were not tested, double infections were common with 8.5 % of the samples being infected with two viruses (CGMMV and KGMMV) and 34% with three viruses (CMV, CGMMV, and KGMMV). Severe mosaic and mottle symptomswere associatedmost often with single infectionofCGMMV andKGMMVrespectively. In addition, these are the first detections of CGMMVand KGMMV infecting cucurbit plants in Indonesia. Key words: CGMMV,CMV,Cucurbits, DAS-ELISA, KGMMV INT/SARI Tanaman labu-labuan umumnya tumbuh sepanjang musim kemarau di Pulau Jawa. Tanamanlabu-labuan dengan gejala mosaik, klorosis, mottling dan bentuk daun serta buah yang berubah banyak dijumpai selama survei yang dilakukan di Kulon Progo, Sleman dan Klaten pada bulan Juli sampai September tahun 2000 dan 2001. Deteksi menggunakan metode double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELlSA) telah berhasil mengetahui keberadaan dan infeksi Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) dan Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV) pada tanaman labu-labuan di tiga kabupaten tersebut. CMV menginfeksi tanaman labu-labuan tinggi yaitu 48,9% dari jumlah sampel tanaman yang dikoleksi, kemudian CGMMV (J 2,8%) dan KGMMV (6,4%), sedangkan sebanyak 14 sampel tanaman (31,9%) tidak dideteksi. 1nfeksi ganda banyak ditemukan dan 8,5 %sampel tanaman terinfeksi oleh dua jenis virus (CGMMV dan KGMMV) sedangkan 34%sampel tanaman terinfeksi oleh tigajenis virus (CMV, CGMMV, dan KGMMV). Gejala mosaik dan mottling sering terjadi pada tanaman labu-labuan yang terinfeksi ganda oleh CGMMV dan KGMMV Hasil penelitian merupakan deteksi pertama CGMMV dan KGGMV pada tanaman labu-labuan di Indonesia. Kata kunei: CGMMV, CMV, Cucurbits, DAS-ELlSA, KGMM

Survey on the Occurrence of Viruses Infecting Cucurbits in YOGYAKARTA and Central Java

Cucurbits are grown throughout the Java Island as dry season crops. Plants having mosaic, mottling, chlorosis and leaf distortion symptoms were frequently found in most of the cucurbit fields during the survey which conducted in Central Java including Sleman, Kulon Progo, and Klaten during July–September 2000 and 2001. Using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA); Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) and Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV) were found infecting cucurbits. CMV was widespread, infecting 48.9% of the samples tested followed by CGMMV (12.8%) and KGMMV (6.4%), while others samples (31.9%) were not tested, double infections were common with 8.5 % of the samples being infected with two viruses (CGMMV and KGMMV) and 34% with three viruses (CMV, CGMMV, and KGMMV). Severe mosaic and mottle symptoms were associated most often with single infection of CGMMV and KGMMV respectively. In addition, these are the first detections of CGMMV and KGMMV infecting cucurbit plants in Indonesia.Tanaman labu-labuan umumnya tumbuh sepanjang musim kemarau diPulau Jawa. Tanaman labu-labuan dengan gejala mosaik, klorosis, mottling dan bentuk daun serta buah yang berubah banyak dijumpai selama survei yang dilakukan di Kulon Progo, Sleman dan Klaten pada bulan Juli sampai September tahun 2000 dan 2001. Deteksi menggunakan metode double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) telah berhasil mengetahui keberadaan dan infeksiCucumber mosaic virus(CMV),Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) dan Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV) pada tanaman labu-labuan di tiga kabupaten tersebut. CMV menginfeksi tanaman labu-labuan tinggi yaitu 48,9% dari jumlah sampel tanaman yang dikoleksi, kemudian CGMMV (12,8%) dan KGMMV(6,4%), sedangkan sebanyak 14 sampel tanaman (31,9%)tidak dideteksi.Infeksi ganda banyak ditemukan dan 8,5 % sampel tanaman terinfeksi oleh dua jenis virus (CGMMV dan KGMMV) sedangkan 34% sampel tanaman terinfeksi oleh tiga jenis virus (CMV, CGMMV, dan KGMMV). Gejala mosaik dan mottling sering terjadi pada tanaman labu-labuan yang terinfeksi ganda oleh CGMMV dan KGMMV. Hasil penelitian merupakan deteksi pertama CGMMV dan KGGMV pada tanaman labu-labuan di Indonesia

Characterization of potato and tobacco isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus from Syria and the first report on CMV satellite RNA from potato

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has been reported from potato production areas in Europe, USA, Japan and more frequently in regions with warm climates such as Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia and Syria. As it is considered as an uncommon virus in potato, the characterization of potato isolates of CMV is far behind those from other hosts. In addition to potato, CMV is a common virus infecting many crops in Syria, but nothing is known about its molecular characteristics. The present study aimed to characterize Syrian CMV isolates collected from potato and neighboring tobacco fields. All potato isolates of CMV (total of four) co-infected potato plants with Potato virus Y (PVY) which is the most frequent potato virus in Syria. According to the sequence analyses of the coat protein (CP) coding region, three potato and three tobacco CMV isolates were found to be closely related regardless of the host species or geographic origin, and all belonged to the IA strain subgroup of CMV. A potato CMV isolate, PoCMV7-5, readily infected solanaceous plants in which it induced systemic infection, but was less infectious to other hosts including those of Leguminosae and Cucurbitaceae. When inoculated on potato plants, PoCMV7-5 alone or with various PVY strains was able to cause local but not systemic infection in all potato cultivars inoculated. PoCMV7-5 contained heterogeneous variants of satellite RNA which varied in length due to A or/and T deletion/insertion at approximate nucleotide position 225‒240. This is the first report on CMV satellite RNA from potato

インドネシア ノ トカドヘチマ ラ ブンリ サレタ キュウリ リョクハンモザイクウイルス KYURI GREEN MOTTLE VIRUS ノ セイブツガクテキ セイジョウ オヨビ ガイヒ タンパクシツ イデンシ ノ エンキ ハイレツ ノ カイメイ

インドネシアジョクジャカルタ市近辺で栽培されている多くのウリ科作物の中でも,トカドヘチマ(Luffa acutangula L.)は地元市場への供給を目的として,狭い面積ではあるが常時栽培されている。ジョクジャカルタ市近辺で2000年から2001年にかけて実施したウイルス病の調査において,多くのトカドヘチマが葉のモザイクや葉や果実の奇形という症状を呈しているのが見出された。これらの病葉よりウイルスを分離したところ,まずその粒子の形態からTobamovirus属ウイルスであると考えられた。また,血清学的にはKyuri green mottle mosaic virus(KGMMV, キュウリ緑斑モザイクウイルス)と近縁関係があることが示された。さらに,同分離株の外被タンパク質をコードする遺伝子についてその塩基配列を明らかにして,KGMMV-YM, KGMMV-C, およびKGMMV-Yなど既報のKGMMV分離株比較をしたところ,KGMMVとの高い類似性が認められた。汁液接種では,3科15種の植物に感染性があったが,いくつかのウリ科植物ではモザイク症状を示し,Chenopodium amaranticolorおよびC. quinoa. ではえそ斑点を生じた。しかし,同ウイルスはダチュラ(Datura stramonium),ペチュニア,N. glutinosaなどには感染しなかった。インドネシアのトカドヘチマでは今までKGMMVの発生は報告されていなかったが,メロンでの発生が知られているため,KGMMVの発生する植物として2例目と考えられる。Among many cucurbits grown around Yogyakarta-Indonesia as vegetables, angled loofah (Luffa acutangula L.) occupies a minor portion of cultivated area for continuous supply to the local market. During 2-year surveys of viral diseases conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia from 2000 to 2001, many angled loofah plants showed mosaic symptom on leaf and fruit malformation. A virus was isolated from symptomatic leaves of angled loofah and shown to be a member of genus Tobamovirus based upon viral morphology observed under electron microscopy. Serological analysis revealed that the virus was related to Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV). Comparison of its coat protein gene and protein sequences with that of KGMMV-YM, KGMMV-C, and KGMMV-Y indicated that the virus was similar to previously reported KGMMV. By mechanical inoculation, the virus infected 3 families including 15 species, showing mosaic in some cucurbit plants and necrotic local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. This virus, however, could not infect Datura stramonium, Petunia hybrida, and Nicotiana glutinosa. Since no KGMMV on angled loofah have been reported in Indonesia, this is the first report and followed by the report of KGMMV occurrence except on melon (Cucumis melo L.) in Indonesia

Siblings reared apart: a sibling comparison study on rearing environment differences

A plethora of studies with parents and children who are biologically related has shown that the family environment plays an important role in child development. However, scientists have long known that a rigorous examination of environmental effects requires research designs that go beyond studies of genetically-linked family members. Harnessing the principles of sibling comparison and animal cross-fostering designs, we introduce a novel approach: the siblings-reared-apart design. Supplementing the traditional adoption design of adopted child and adoptive parents with a sample of the adopted children’s birth parents who raised their biological child(ren) at home (i.e., biological siblings of adoptees), this design provides opportunities to evaluate the role of specific rearing environments. In this proof of concept approach, we tested whether rearing environments differed between adoptive and birth families. Using data from 118 sets of adoption-linked families, each consisting of an adoptive family and the adoptee’s birth family, both of whom are raising at least a child in each home, we found that compared with families in the birth homes, (a) adoptive families had higher household incomes and maternal educational attainment; (b) adoptive mothers displayed more guiding parenting, less harsh parenting, and less maternal depression; and (c) socioeconomic differences between the two homes did not account for the behavioral differences in mothers. We discuss the potential of the sibling-reared-apart design to advance developmental science

フィリピンサン パパイヤ ユテン ウイルス ノ セイシツ ト ケンシュツホウ

フィリピンのルソン島バタンガスで採集した輪紋症状を示すパパイヤ(Carica papaya)からウイルスの1分離株(PRSV-P-B)を得た。このウイルスを各種植物へ汁液接種したところ,全身感染したパパイヤ,ズッキーニ(Cucurbita pepo),メロン(Cucumis melo),シロウリ(Cucumis melo var. conomon),ニホンカボチャ(Cucurbita moschata),およびキュウリ(Cucumis sativus)と局所感染したC. amaranticolorの7種に感染した。電子顕微鏡観察ではパパイヤ病株や汁液接種したズッキーニに幅12nm,長さ700～800nmのひも状ウイルス粒子と細胞質封入体の破片とが認められた。PRSV-P-BはELISAでパパイヤ輪点ウイルス抗血清(ATCC)と陽性反応を,ズッキーニ黄斑モザイクウイルス抗血清(ATCC)および真岡哲夫博士より分譲を受けたパパイヤ奇形葉モザイクウイルス(PLDMV)の抗血清とは陰性反応を示した。ウイルス外被タンパク質の分子量は約36Kであった。以上の性質から,フィリピンのパパイヤから分離されたPRSV-P-Bはパパイヤ輪点ウイルスと同定,確認された。PRSV-P-Bに対する抗血清を作製し,健全ズッキーニ葉汁で吸収してからELISAに用いた。PRSV-P-Bは新鮮なあるいは乾燥したパパイヤあるいはズッキーニ病葉からELISA,DIBA,そしてTIBAによって検出された。さらに,PRSV-P-Bは渡辺ら(1998)によるPRSV特異的合成プライマーを利用したRT-PCRによって増幅された。PLDMV(真岡哲夫博士から分譲)は同プライマーで増幅されなかったので,RT-PCRはPRSVとPLDMVの迅速な類別に有効と考えられた。An isolate of virus (PRSV-P-B) from papaya (Carica papaya) showing ringspots on leaves collected at Batangus, Luzon, the Philippines was characterized. The virus was manually inoculated and showed to be infectious to 7 species of plants in 3 families including papaya, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), two types of melons (Cucumis melo, Cucumis melo var. conomon), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus), as systemic hosts, and Chenopodium amaranticolor as a local lesion host. Filamentous virus particles of 700～800nm length and 12 nm width and debris of inclusion bodies were observed in diseased papaya or manually inoculated zucchini under electron microscope. PRSV-P-B was positively reacted with antiserum to Papaya ringspot virus (ATCC) but showed negative reactions with antisera to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ATCC) and Papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (Gift from Dr. T. Maoka) in ELISA. Molecular weight of coat protein was approximately 36K. Based upon these results, the virus (PRSV-P-B) obtained from papaya plant collected in the Philippines was identified as Papaya ringspot virus. Serum against PRSV-P-B was produced and used for ELISA after absorption with healthy sap of zucchini. PRSV-P-B was detected by ELISA, DIBA and TIBA with fresh or dried leaves of infected papaya or zucchini. PRSV-P-B was also detected by RT-PCR using the synthetic primers designed by Watanabe et al. (1998) which was specific for PRSV. As RNA of PLDMV (Gift from Dr. T. Maoka) was not amplified by RT-PCR with specific primers for PRSV, it was shown that RT-PCR was useful to distinguish PRSV from PLDMV rapidly

Longitudinal examination of pathways to peer problems in middle childhood: a siblings-reared-apart design

To advance research from Dishion and others on associations between parenting and peer problems across childhood, we used a sample of 173 sibling pairs reared apart since birth (because of adoption of one of the siblings) to examine associations between parental hostility and children’s peer problems when children were ages 7 and 9.5 years (n = 326 children). We extended conventional cross-lagged parent–peer models by incorporating child inhibitory control as an additional predictor and examining genetic contributions via birth mother psychopathology. Path models indicated a cross-lagged association from parental hostility to later peer problems. When child inhibitory control was included, birth mother internalizing symptoms were associated with poorer child inhibitory control, which was associated with more parental hostility and peer problems. The cross-lagged paths from parental hostility to peer problems were no longer significant in the full model. Multigroup analyses revealed that the path from birth mother internalizing symptoms to child inhibitory control was significantly higher for birth parent–reared children, indicating the possible contribution of passive gene–environment correlation to this association. Exploratory analyses suggested that each child’s unique rearing context contributed to their inhibitory control and peer behavior. Implications for the development of evidence-based interventions are discussed

Using an adoption–biological family design to examine associations between maternal trauma, maternal depressive symptoms, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors

Maternal trauma is a complex risk factor that has been linked to adverse child outcomes, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. This study, which included adoptive and biological families, examined the heritable and environmental mechanisms by which maternal trauma and associated depressive symptoms are linked to child internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Path analyses were used to analyze data from 541 adoptive mother–adopted child (AM–AC) dyads and 126 biological mother–biological child (BM–BC) dyads; the two family types were linked through the same biological mother. Rearing mother’s trauma was associated with child internalizing and externalizing behaviors in AM–AC and BM–BC dyads, and this association was mediated by rearing mothers’ depressive symptoms, with the exception of biological child externalizing behavior, for which biological mother trauma had a direct influence only. Significant associations between maternal trauma and child behavior in dyads that share only environment (i.e., AM–AC dyads) suggest an environmental mechanism of influence for maternal trauma. Significant associations were also observed between maternal depressive symptoms and child internalizing and externalizing behavior in dyads that were only genetically related, with no shared environment (i.e., BM–AC dyads), suggesting a heritable pathway of influence via maternal depressive symptoms

Disentangling nature from nurture in examining the interplay between parent–child relationships, ADHD, and early academic attainment

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable and is associated with lower educational attainment. ADHD is linked to family adversity, including hostile parenting. Questions remain regarding the role of genetic and environmental factors underlying processes through which ADHD symptoms develop and influence academic attainment. Method: This study employed a parent-offspring adoption design (N=345) to examine the interplay between genetic susceptibility to child attention problems (birth mother ADHD symptoms) and adoptive parent (mother and father) hostility on child lower academic outcomes, via child ADHD symptoms. Questionnaires assessed birth mother ADHD symptoms, adoptive parent (mother and father) hostility to child, early child impulsivity/activation, and child ADHD symptoms. The Woodcock-Johnson test was used to examine child reading and math aptitude. Results: Building on a previous study (Harold et al., 2013), heritable influences were found: birth mother ADHD symptoms predicted child impulsivity/activation. In turn, child impulsivity/activation (4.5 years) evoked maternal and paternal hostility, which was associated with children’s ADHD continuity (6 years). Both maternal and paternal hostility (4.5 years) contributed to impairments in math but not reading (7 years), via impacts on ADHD symptoms (6 years). Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of early child behavior dysregulation evoking parent hostility in both mothers and fathers, with maternal and paternal hostility contributing to the continuation of ADHD symptoms and lower levels of later math ability. Early interventions may be important for the promotion of child math skills in those with ADHD symptoms, especially where children have high levels of early behavior dysregulation

インドネシア ニ オケル バナナ ガイライシュ カラ ノ ウイルス ケンシュツ オヨビ バナナ バンチートップ ウイルス ノ ブンシ セイブツガク テキ ショ カイセキ

バナナ(Musa spp)にとって,ウイルスの存在は,生産の場だけではなく,遺伝資源としての種や品種の保存においても重大な脅威である。本研究では,インドネシアのジョグジャカルタ特別州に位置するバナナ品種保存園において,38品種68株のバナナを3年間に渡って採集し,血清学的・分子生物学的手法の両方または一方を用いて,ウイルスの検出を行った。その結果,キュウリモザイクウイルス(CMV)は3株のみで感染が確認されたのに対し,バナナバンチートップウイルス(BBTV)は21株で認められたことから,本来はウイルスフリーであるべき本品種保存園においてもBBTVは蔓延していることが示された。また,調査を行った38品種は長期間同じ環境条件下で栽培されていたが,BBTVは12品種で,CMVは3品種でそれぞれ病徴を伴って感染が確認された。このことから,これらの12品種と3品種はそれぞれBBTVとCMVに対して,より感受性であると思われた。バナナ品種保存園に発生したBBTV2分離株(BBTV-IG33, -IG64)とその近郊の農村に発生したBBTV1分離株(BBTV-IJs11)についてDNA-1とDNA-3の塩基配列を決定した結果,それぞれのコンポーネントの全長で3分離株は高い相同性を有していた(98～99%,99～100%)。また,DNA-1のCR-M領域(major common region)では,既報のオーストラリアおよびフィジーの分離株よりも,日本・台湾・フィリピン・中国・ベトナムの分離株と,より高い値を示した(63～65%,93～95%)。したがって,インドネシアにおけるBBTVアジアグループ(KARANら,1994)の発生とそれらの分子生物学的性状が本研究によって初めて明確に示された。For banana plants (Musa spp.), occurrence of viruses is serious threat not only for production but also in conservation of banana species/cultivars as genetic resources. In this study, we collected 68samples of 38banana cultivars during 3years of survey and carried out the detection of viruses by serological and/or molecular methods in a banana germplasm garden of central Java, Indonesia. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were confirmed from 21samples and 3samples, respectively, though Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) was not detected in this survey. Thus it was made clear that the major constraint virus is BBTV in this germplasm garden where it should be free from any virus infection. The occurrences of BBTV were confirmed in 12cultivars and of CMV were confirmed in 3cultivars among 38cultivars along with viral symptoms though all of tested cultivars were grown under the same condition for long time. Based upon this results, it was supposed that these 12 and 3cultivars are more sensitive to BBTV and CMV infection, respectively. Two BBTV isolates (BBTV-IG33 and IG64) in this germplasm garden and one isolate of BBTV (BBTV-IJs11) from a village nearby the germplasm garden were sequenced for their DNA-1 and DNA-3 and shown to have high homologies among them in full-length of each component (98 to 99% and 99 to 100%, respectively). In major common region (CR-M) of DNA-1, the Indonesian isolates showed higher homology obviously with isolates from Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, China and Vietnam than with isolates from Australia and Fiji (93 to 95% and 63 to 65%, respectively). Therefore, molecular characters of these Indonesian BBTV isolates, which were classified into the Asian group (KARAN et al., 1994), were firstly reported and analyzed in this study