A influência da alimentação na microbiota e a relação com distúrbios como ansiedade e depressão/ The influence of food on the microbiota and its relationship with disorders such as anxiety and depression

O ecossistema de microrganismos presentes no trato gastrointestinal, é chamado de microbiota intestinal. Esses microrganismos são capazes de influenciar as funções fisiológicas, imunológicas e metabólicas no organismo, pois a comunicação entre o intestino e o cérebro é bidirecional.  Sabendo que a alimentação possui uma grande influência no organismo como um todo, e é através dela que ocorre a proliferação e a colonização dos microrganismos no intestino, essa revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo compreender a relação e a importância da alimentação na regulação da microbiota intestinal bem como seus benefícios na prevenção de distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos. Sabe-se que os maus hábitos alimentares, fatores genéticos, quadros inflamatórios crônicos estão relacionados ao surgimento de depressão, estresse e ansiedade. Nesse sentido, o controle alimentar, no qual a dieta seja rica em vitaminas e probióticos demonstra ser uma alternativa para utilizar em pacientes que possuem distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos, bem como a ingestão de prebióticos possa ajudar na inflamação ocasionada pelo desequilíbrio da microbiota intestinal e assim melhorar também os sintomas cerebrais. No entanto, ainda são necessários mais estudos, para proporcionar mais segurança, dosagem correta e evitar possíveis efeitos colaterais

Does antennal sensilla pattern of different populations of Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) reveal phenotypic variability?

Background: In Brazil, Triatoma maculata is only found in the State of Roraima and is a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. It occurs in wild, peridomestic and domestic habitats, with an urban infestation in Boa Vista, the capital of this Brazilian state. The aim of this study was to assess the morphological variability of the T. maculata antennal phenotype in three populations of Roraima State, using the antennal sensilla pattern analyzed under optical microscopy. Methods: The number and distribution of four antennal sensilla types (bristles, thin and thick walled trichoidea, and basiconic) of three Brazilian populations of T. maculata from Roraima State were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: The antenna of T. maculata presented the four types of sensilla. According to the density and distribution of the antennal sensilla characteristics, the multivariate analyses showed that the laboratory population is morphologically structured. Urban specimens showed a pronounced phenotypic variability. The main differences were observed in the pedicel segment, and between males and females. Conclusions: We determined the antennal phenotype in three Roraima populations of T. maculata. These results support the idea that the patterns of antennal sensilla are sensitive markers for distinct populations in the Triatominae. The infestations of T. maculata in different habitats reinforces the ability of this vector to become adapted to a variety of environments, which, could have eco-epidemiological implications for the T. cruzi transmission that are still not well understood.Fil: Nogueira Müller, Josiane. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Monte Gonçalves, Teresa. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Ricardo Silva, Alice Helena. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Coutinho Souza, Amanda. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Maciel Santos, Francisco. No especifíca;Fil: Santos, Rosangela. No especifíca;Fil: Coelho Vargas, Nathalia. No especifíca;Fil: Macedo Lopes, Catarina. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Carbajal de la Fuente, Ana Laura. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud. Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Endemo-epidémicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Morphology of the digestive tract of Cladomorphus phyllinus (Phasmatodea: Phasmidae)

The digestive tracts of insects may indicate life history and phylogenetic relationships among different species. Phasmatodea are chewing herbivores with an elongated body shape, which camouflages them on the vegetation on which they feed. This work evaluated the gut structure of the walking stick insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray 1835) (Phasmatoidea: Phasmidae), with light and scanning electron microscopy. The digestive tract of C. phillynus is an elongated tube with minimal external anatomical differences along its length. There is a short gastric caeca-like structure in the posterior midgut. The crop is an extensively folded storage organ and the proventriculus is covered by a thick cuticle with spine-like projections, which play a role in grinding food. The midgut has 2 anatomical regions probably involved in digestion and absorption of nutrients. The epithelial cells of the anterior midgut have bubbles of apocrine secretion, while the posterior midgut cells have a striated border. Gastric caecae-like projections are found in the posterior midgut. They are enlarged close to the midgut wall, and follow a thin and long filament, which is free in the body cavity. The epithelial cells lining the gastric caecae-like projections are cuboidal with well development striated borders, suggesting involvement in nutrient absorption. The hindgut is divided in an ileum and a rectum. The ileum epithelial cells are covered by cuticle and have cytological traits characteristic of electrolyte and water absorption. The rectum epithelial cells have no obvious absorptive features, but the rectal pads may be involved in water and electrolyte reabsorption. This work reinforces the concept that the anatomy of gut is related to the diet and body shape, and shows that the general pattern of compartmentalization of digestion in insects was maintained in Phasmatodea, but that it differs from other Orthopteroidea in some aspects.O trato digestivo dos insetos pode indicar a história de vida e as relações filogenéticas entre espécies diferentes. Phasmatodea são herbívoros mastigadores com corpo alongado que se camuflam na vegetação. Este trabalho avaliou a estrutura do intestino do bicho-pau Cladomorphus phyllinus através de microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O trato digestivo de C. phyllinus é um tubo alongado sem diferenças anatômicas ao longo de seu comprimento, exceto pela presença de uma estrutura semelhante ao ceco gástrico na região posterior do intestino médio. O papo é um órgão de armazenamento amplamente dobrado e o proventrículo é coberto por cutícula espessa com projeções na forma de espinhos. O intestino médio tem duas regiões anatômicas, e está provavelmente envolvido na digestão e absorção de nutrientes. As células epiteliais do intestino médio anterior apresentam bolhas de secreção apócrina na sua porção apical, ao passo que as células do intestino médio posterior possuem borda estriada no ápice. Estruturas semelhantes a cecos gástricos foram encontrados no intestino médio posterior, com células cúbicas que apresentam microvilosidades longas, provavelmente envolvidas na absorção de nutrientes. O intestino posterior é dividido em íleo e reto. As células do íleo são cobertas por cutícula e têm características de absorção de eletrólitos e água. As células epiteliais do reto não apresentam características de células absortivas, diferentemente das células das papilas retais, provavelmente envolvidas na reabsorção de água e eletrólitos. Este trabalho reforça que a anatomia do intestino está relacionada com a forma do corpo do inseto, e mostra que o padrão geral de compartimentalização da digestão nos insetos é mantido em Phasmatodea, mas com algumas diferenças em comparação com outros Orthopteroidea

Triatoma maculata colonises urban domicilies in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-03-23T15:39:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alice_silva_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 924847 bytes, checksum: 55121fdccc97e954f5e35dec32aaa266 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-03-23T15:50:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alice_silva_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 924847 bytes, checksum: 55121fdccc97e954f5e35dec32aaa266 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T15:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alice_silva_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 924847 bytes, checksum: 55121fdccc97e954f5e35dec32aaa266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Roraima. Núcleo Observatório de Saúde de Roraima-ObservaRR., Boa Vista, RR, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Núcleo de Entomologia do Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Yanomami. Boa Vista, RR, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Secretaria de Saúde. Núcleo Estadual de Entomologia. Boa Vista, RR, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.During a medical entomology course in Boa Vista, Roraima, colonies of Triatoma maculata closely associated with pigeon nests were observed in concrete air-conditioner box located on the external plastered and cemented walls of a modern brick-built apartment block. In only one eight-hole ceramic brick, located inside one air-conditioner box, 127 specimens of T. maculata were collected. T. maculata is a recognised vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the surrounding area and its domiciliation increases the risk of Chagas disease transmission

TFF1 hypermethylation and decreased expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and histologically normal tumor surrounding esophageal cells

Abstract Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the 10 most incident cancer types in the world, and it is mainly associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption. ESCC mortality rates stand very close to its incidence, which is a direct consequence of a late diagnosis and an inefficient treatment. Although this scenery is quite alarming, the major molecular alterations that drive this carcinogenesis process remain unclear. We have previously shown through the first ESCC methylome analysis that TFF1 promoter is frequently hypermethylated in ESCC. Here, to evaluate TFF1 methylation as a potential biomarker of early ESCC diagnosis, we investigated the status of TFF1 promoter methylation and its expression in ESSC and histologically normal tumor surrounding tissue of ESCC patients in comparison to healthy esophagus of non-cancer individuals. Results Analysis of TFF1 promoter methylation, and gene and protein expression in 65 ESCC patients and 88 controls revealed that TFF1 methylation levels were already increased in histologically normal tumor surrounding tissue of ESCC patients when compared to healthy esophagus of non-cancer individuals. This increase in DNA methylation was followed by the reduction of TFF1 mRNA expression. Interestingly, TFF1 expression was capable of distinguishing tumor surrounding normal tissue from normal mucosa of healthy individuals with 92% accuracy. In addition, TFF1 protein was undetectable both in tumor and surrounding mucosa by immunohistochemistry, while submucosa glands of the healthy esophagus showed positive staining. Furthermore, treatment of TE-1 and TE-13 ESCC cell lines with decitabine led to a reduction of promoter methylation and consequent upregulation of TFF1 gene and protein expression. Finally, using TCGA data we showed that TFF1 loss is observed in ESCC, but not in esophageal adenocarcinoma, highlighting the different molecular mechanisms involved in the development of each histological subtype of esophageal cancer. Conclusions This study shows that TFF1 expression is silenced in early phases of ESCC development, which seems to be mediated at least in part by promoter hypermethylation, and provides the basis for the use of TFF1 expression as a potential biomarker for early ESCC detection

Triatoma maculata colonises urban domicilies in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil

During a medical entomology course in Boa Vista, Roraima, colonies of Triatoma maculata closely associated with pigeon nests were observed in concrete air-conditioner box located on the external plastered and cemented walls of a modern brick-built apartment block. In only one eight-hole ceramic brick, located inside one air-conditioner box, 127 specimens of T. maculata were collected. T. maculata is a recognised vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the surrounding area and its domiciliation increases the risk of Chagas disease transmission