A bibliography of parasites and diseases of marine and freshwater fishes of India

With the increasing demand for fish as human food, aquaculture both in freshwater and salt water is rapidly developing over the world. In the developing countries, fishes are being raised as food. In many countries fish farming is a very important economic activity. The most recent branch, mariculture, has shown advances in raising fishes in brackish, estuarine and bay waters, in which marine, anadromous and catadromous fishes have successfully been grown and maintained

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Evaluation and use of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">in silico</i> structure based epitope prediction for listeriolysin O of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Listeria monocytogenes</i></span>

160-166Listeria<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB"> infection is major health problem causing listeriosis that <span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;="" mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB">manifests as abortion, stillbirth, septicemia, meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Listeriolysin O is the <span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:hi"="">cholesterol-dependent cytolysin toxin involved in the escape of L. monocytogenes from primary and secondary intracellular vacuoles and, therefore, can serve as the vital target for vaccine development. Consequently, the present study was aimed to design epitope-based vaccine against Listeria.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> <span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB">LLO, ILO, and SLO proteins from L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii and L. seeligeri, respectively were analyzed using various bioinformatics and immuonoinformatics tools, including sequence and structure-based ones. A total of 11 antigenic B-cell epitopes, and 4 and 3 allelic classes for MHC class I and MHC class II binding peptides, respectively were predicted for LLO protein. The<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> unique peptide 363LGDLRD368 was identified in the LLO protein. Further, we also observed that IgG class of B-cells were predominant in these proteins. The study revealed potential B-cell and T-cell epitope that can raise the desired immune response against these proteins. The present study would, therefore, be helpful in designing and predicting novel vaccine candidates, which in near future might offer the source for eradicating listeriosis.</span

Genetic association of MTHFR and NOS3 gene polymorphism with risk of Avascular necrosis of the Femoral Head in Hip fractures

Tracing the genetic link of AVN in Fracture femur head

N-Acetylglucosamine Sensing and Metabolic Engineering for Attenuating Human and Plant Pathogens

During evolution, both human and plant pathogens have evolved to utilize a diverse range of carbon sources. N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an amino sugar, is one of the major carbon sources utilized by several human and phytopathogens. GlcNAc regulates the expression of many virulence genes of pathogens. In fact, GlcNAc catabolism is also involved in the regulation of virulence and pathogenesis of various human pathogens, including Candida albicans, Vibrio cholerae, Leishmania donovani, Mycobacterium, and phytopathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae. Moreover, GlcNAc is also a well-known structural component of many bacterial and fungal pathogen cell walls, suggesting its possible role in cell signaling. Over the last few decades, many studies have been performed to study GlcNAc sensing, signaling, and metabolism to better understand the GlcNAc roles in pathogenesis in order to identify new drug targets. In this review, we provide recent insights into GlcNAc-mediated cell signaling and pathogenesis. Further, we describe how the GlcNAc metabolic pathway can be targeted to reduce the pathogens&rsquo; virulence in order to control the disease prevalence and crop productivity

Phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity and reducing potential of seed oil, latex, machine oil and presscake of Jatropha curcas

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, phytochemical studies and thin layer chromatography analysis of machine oil, hexane extract of seed oil and methanol extract of presscake& latex of Jatropha curcas Linn (family Euphorbiaceae). Materials and Methods: J. curcas extracts were subjected to preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening to detect the major phytochemicals followed by its reducing power and content of phenol and flavonoids in different fractions. Thin layer chromatography was also performed using different solvent systems for the analysis of a number of constituents in the plant extracts. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were calculated by micro dilution method. Results: The methanolic fraction of latex and cake exhibited marked antifungal and antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols and flavonoids. Reducing power showed dose dependent increase in concentration compared to standard Quercetin. Furthermore, this study recommended the isolation and separation of bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity which would be done by using different chromatographic methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), GC-MS etc. Conclusion: The results of the above study suggest that all parts of the plants possess potent antibacterial activity. Hence, it is important to isolate the active principles for further testing of antimicrobial and other biological efficacy

Isolation and Characterization of Potential Antibiotic-Producing Actinomycetes from Water and Soil Sediments of Different Regions of Nepal

Introduction. The actinomycetes are diversely distributed microorganisms in nature. The geographical diversity of Nepal is suitable for adaptation of various species of actinomycetes. The distribution of the actinomycetes is dependent upon the altitude and nature of the soil and water. Methods. A total of 22 water and soil samples were collected from different regions of Nepal and were processed. Different isolates were characterized by observing colony characteristics and microscopic characteristics. Screening of the antimicrobial property was based upon perpendicular line streaking and submerged-state fermentation for antibiotic production. Results. From the identification tool used, 12 were found to be Micromonospora, 9 were Nocardia, and 7 were Streptomyces. Out of total samples, 8 isolates of actinomycetes were tested effective against the tested bacteria by primary screening using the well diffusion method. Among the primarily screened, all isolates were subjected to submerged-state fermentation methods to produce crude extracts and 4 were found to be effective against the tested bacterial group. The actinomycetes identified from a water source showed better antimicrobial property towards the tested bacteria than the soil sample. Most isolates were found to be Micromonospora followed by Nocardia and Streptomyces with higher antimicrobial activities. Conclusion. The water source and soil sediments of Nepal provide suitable environments for actinomycetes towards obtaining a novel antimicrobial agent. The study of actinomycetes from various unexploited areas of Nepal is necessary. Thus, exploitation of various regions of Nepal for the discovery of an effective antimicrobial agent is helpful in providing a solution to the cost-effective therapy and action against antibiotic resistance