370 research outputs found

    On the Cauchy problem for focusing and defocusing Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchies

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    We consider the dynamical Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) hierarchy on Rd\R^d, d1d\geq1, for cubic, quintic, focusing and defocusing interactions. For both the focusing and defocusing case, and any d1d\geq1, we prove local existence and uniqueness of solutions in certain Sobolev type spaces \cH_\xi^\alpha of sequences of marginal density matrices. The regularity is accounted for by \alpha>\frac12& if d=1,, \alpha>\frac d2-\frac{1}{2(p-1)} if if d\geq2and and (d,p)\neq(3,2),and, and \alpha\geq1if if (d,p)=(3,2),where, where p=2forthecubic,and for the cubic, and p=4forthequinticGPhierarchy;theparameter for the quintic GP hierarchy; the parameter \xi>0isarbitraryanddeterminestheenergyscaleoftheproblem.ThisresultincludestheproofofanapriorispacetimeboundconjecturedbyKlainermanandMachedonforthecubicGPhierarchyin is arbitrary and determines the energy scale of the problem. This result includes the proof of an a priori spacetime bound conjectured by Klainerman and Machedon for the cubic GP hierarchy in d=3.Inthedefocusingcase,weprovetheexistenceanduniquenessofsolutionsgloballyintimeforthecubicGPhierarchyfor. In the defocusing case, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions globally in time for the cubic GP hierarchy for 1\leq d\leq3,andofthequinticGPhierarchyfor, and of the quintic GP hierarchy for 1\leq d\leq 2,inanappropriatespaceofSobolevtype,andundertheassumptionofanapriorienergybound.ForthefocusingGPhierarchies,weprovelowerboundsontheblowuprate.Alsopseudoconformalinvarianceisestablishedinthecasescorrespondingto, in an appropriate space of Sobolev type, and under the assumption of an a priori energy bound. For the focusing GP hierarchies, we prove lower bounds on the blowup rate. Also pseudoconformal invariance is established in the cases corresponding to L^2$ criticality, both in the focusing and defocusing context. All of these results hold without the assumption of factorized initial conditions.Comment: AMS Latex, 28 page

    What Were They Thinking?! Students’ Decision Making in L1 and L2 Translation Processes

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    In spite of the ‘Golden Rule’ that translators should only work into their first language, translation into the second language (L2 translation) is a fact of life in settings involving languages of ‘limited diffusion’. Even in countries that use one of the traditionally ‘major’ languages, research into L2 translation and its training is becoming increasingly topical with the emergence of global translation markets and the worldwide dominance of English. This paper examines novice translators’ decision-making in video- and audio-recorded collaborative (group) translation processes in two directions: into the students’ first language (Croatian) and from that language into their second language (English). The study aims to identify and classify the different arguments the subjects use in deciding which of the tentative solutions to translation problems to use in the final version of their translation. It is hypothesised that similar arguments are used in both directions but with a different distribution. Only the former hypothesis is fully corroborated by the evidence from the verbal protocols

    Direccionalidad en procesos de traducción colaborativa

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    Translation into the second language (L2 translation) is a reality in many settings around the world, especially – but not exclusively – in those cultures that use a “language of limited diffusion”. Even translators whose mother tongue is one of the “major” languages are more and more frequently required to work out of their first language (L1) into English, the dominant language of the globalizing world. This makes L2 translation an increasingly important issue for the practitioner, and research on L2 translation a very relevant topic for Translation Studies. In the past, prescriptive approaches to translation denounced the practice of L2 translation as unprofessional or even impossible. As a result, L2 translation was until recently largely neglected both in translation theories and in research. Over the past ten to fifteen years, however, the number of studies dealing with L2 translation has been on the increase, with translation into the non-mother tongue even becoming the main topic of forums and conferences, and their subsequent publications (e.g. Kelly et al. 2003; Grosman et al 2000). The aim of this study is to compare L1 and L2 translation processes by novice translators, in order to isolate the features that differ significantly according to direction, with a view to improving translation teaching. To this end, the study sets out to test the following general hypothesis: “L1 and L2 translation display some differences that can be attributed to direction of translation”. More specifically, it is hypothesized that L1 and L2 translation differ not only in products, but also in some important aspects of translation processes. The following features are therefore selected as likely to be relevant: - The number and type of problems the subjects encounter; - The solutions they consider; - The ways in which they assess the solutions and make final decisions; - The resources they consult; - The actions/interactions they take; - The arguments they use in making decisions; - The quality of their final products. The study is set up as a set of experiments involving novice translators – university students who have just passed their final translation exam. All the subjects have Croatian as their first language L1, and have been learning English as their second language for at least 12 years. Two comparable general- language source texts, one in English and the other in Croatian, are used in the experiments. The method of data collection used in the experiments is the “collaborative translation protocol,” a type of verbal report obtained from collaborative (group) translation sessions. Four groups of three subjects are asked to translate the two texts, one into their L1 (L1 translation task) and the other into their L2 (L2 translation task). Collaborative translation (cf. Kiraly 2000a), albeit not typical of professional translation practice, is nevertheless used in educational settings, and has been part of the subjects’ translation training. The translation sessions are recorded by a digital video camera, and transcribed. Pre- and post-experiment questionnaires complement the data from the translation sessions. Control experiments aimed at comparing collaborative and individual translation are carried out with comparable subjects and involve choice network analysis (cf. Campbell 2001) and integrated problem and decision reports (cf. Gile 2004). Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are used to process the data. The findings are expected to be applicable in translation training, especially in settings where L2 translation is taught at university level.La traducción hacia la segunda lengua (traducción L2) es una realidad en muchos ámbitos alrededor del mundo, en especial - aunque no exclusivamente - en aquellas culturas que utilizan una "lengua de difusión limitada". Incluso a los traductores cuyo idioma materno es una de las lenguas "mayores" se les está exigiendo cada vez con mayor frecuencia el trabajar a partir de su primera lengua (L1) hacia el inglés, el idioma que predomina en el mundo globalizante. Esto hace que la traducción L2 constituya una cuestión de creciente importancia para el profesional, convirtiendo asimismo la investigación sobre la traducción hacia la segunda lengua en un tema de mayor relevancia en la Traductología. El propósito del presente estudio era comparar los procesos de traducción L1 y L2 realizados por traductores novicios, con el fin de aislar las características que difieran en forma significativa según la dirección, con el propósito de desarrollar la enseñanza de la traducción. Con este objetivo en mente, el estudio pretende probar la siguiente hipótesis general: "Las traducciones L1 y L2 muestran algunas diferencias que pudieran ser atribuidas a la dirección de la traducción". En forma más específica, se ha planteado la hipótesis de que las traducciones L1 y L2 difieren no sólo en los productos, sino también en algunos aspectos importantes de los procesos de traducción. Por ello se han seleccionado las siguientes características como potencialmente significativas: · La cantidad y el tipo de problemas a los que se van a enfrentar los sujetos; · Las soluciones que van a considerar; · Las maneras en que van a evaluar las soluciones y tomar las decisiones finales; · Los recursos que van a consultar; · Las acciones/interacciones que van a llevar a cabo; · Los argumentos que van a utilizar para tomar decisiones; · La calidad de sus productos finales. El estudio fue concebido como un conjunto de experimentos que involucraban a traductores novicios - estudiantes universitarios que acababan de presentar su examen final de traducción. Todos los sujetos tenían el croata como primera lengua (L1) y habían estudiado inglés como segunda lengua previamente durante 12 años por lo menos. Se utilizaron para los experimentos dos textos de origen comparables de lenguaje general, uno en inglés y el otro en croata. El método para la recolección de los datos utilizados en los experimentos fue el "protocolo de traducción colaborativa", un tipo de informe verbal obtenido de las sesiones de traducción colaborativa (grupal). Las sesiones de traducción fueron grabadas con cámara de vídeo digital y posteriormente transcritas, mientras que para complementar los datos obtenidos de las sesiones de traducción, se utilizaron cuestionarios previos y posteriores a los experimentos. Para procesar los datos se utilizaron tanto el análisis cuantitativo como el cualitativo. Se pueden resumir los resultados de este estudio de la siguiente manera: · En las traducciones L1 y L2 de textos específicos de tipo general de dificultad comparable, se encontró que los traductores novicios se enfrentaban a cantidades y tipos de problemas similares en ambas direcciones de traducción. · La "fluidez" en la traducción L1 era mayor que en la L2, es decir, los traductores novicios se apoyaban más en recursos internos en el caso de la traducción L1 que en la traducción L2. · Los traductores novicios lograban productos de mejor calidad en sus traducciones hacia L1 que hacia L2. · El monitoreo del producto era más estricto en las traducciones hacia L1 que en las traducciones hacia L2. · La construcción del significado del texto de partida desempeña un papel importante en ambas direcciones de traducción. · Los traductores novicios preferían una cierta combinación de acciones/interacciones característica de su estilo de trabajo, sin importar la dirección de traducción. Se espera poder aplicar los resultados en la formación en traducción, en especial en aquellos ámbitos donde la traducción L2 se enseña a nivel universitario. Asimismo se espera que este estudio sea de utilidad para futura investigación sobre la direccionalidad, sobre la traducción colaborativa y - en forma más general - sobre los procesos de traducción

    On the scattering problem for infinitely many fermions in dimensions d3d\geq3 at positive temperature

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    In this paper, we study the dynamics of a system of infinitely many fermions in dimensions d3d\geq3 near thermal equilibrium and prove scattering in the case of small perturbation around equilibrium in a certain generalized Sobolev space of density operators. This work is a continuation of our previous paper, and extends the important recent result of M. Lewin and J. Sabin of a similar type for dimension d=2. In the work at hand, we establish new, improved Strichartz estimates that allow us to control the case d3d\geq3

    Pragmatička teorija uljudnosti u podslovljavanju za televiziju

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    Higher order corrections to the mean-field description of the dynamics of interacting bosons

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    In this paper, we introduce a novel method for deriving higher order corrections to the mean-field description of the dynamics of interacting bosons. More precisely, we consider the dynamics of NN dd-dimensional bosons for large NN. The bosons initially form a Bose-Einstein condensate and interact with each other via a pair potential of the form (N1)1Ndβv(Nβ)(N-1)^{-1}N^{d\beta}v(N^\beta\cdot) for β[0,14d)\beta\in[0,\frac{1}{4d}). We derive a sequence of NN-body functions which approximate the true many-body dynamics in L2(RdN)L^2(\mathbb{R}^{d N})-norm to arbitrary precision in powers of N1N^{-1}. The approximating functions are constructed as Duhamel expansions of finite order in terms of the first quantised analogue of a Bogoliubov time evolution
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