Density and dry weight of pigweed by various weed control methods and various resources of nitrogen fertilizer in corn forage farm

This study evaluates effects of various weeds control methods and nitrogen fertilizer resources on density and dry weight of pigweed and the performance of corn forage as factorial in full random block design with 3 repetitions in research farm of Ferdowsi Mashhad University in 2014. The test treatments include weed control methods such as chemical control, compound (mechanical+ chemical) control, and no control and types of nitrogen fertilizer including (urea, sulfate ammonium, nitrate calcium, nitrate ammonium, and nonusing fertilizer). Density and dry weight of pigweed was measured four times in growing season to determine changes procedure. In the Corn primary stage, the performance of wet forage was also measured. The obtained results from test showed that forage performance at the end of growing season, and density and dry weight of pigweed after 60 days of planting were significantly influenced by control methods, type of nitrogen fertilizer, and interaction of control methods and type of nitrogen fertilizer. (P>0.01) the highest forage performance was obtained in compound control method and nitrate calcium fertilizer treatment with approximate weight of 12072kg/hec.In no control and studied fertilizers treatment in test, the pigweed density has stayed constant with soft descending slope 20 days after planting so on, and its weight increased until 60 days of planting and then decreased until the growing season.Keywords: Compound Control, Nitrogen Fertilizer Resource, Pigweed, Corn Forag

Efecto del abonado orgánico y biológico sobre el rendimiento de los frutos y los aceites esenciales del hinojo (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)

In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and biological fertilizers on quantity and quality of fennel essentialoil, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The experimentaltreatments included two organic (compost and vermicompost) and two biological (Pseudomonas putida and Azotobacterchroococcum) fertilizers, their all twin combinations (Ps. putida + A. chroococcum, Ps. putida + compost, Ps. putida + vermicompost, A. chroococcum + compost, A. chroococcum + vermicompost and compost + vermicompost) and control (non fertilized). There were significant differences between treatments in terms of seed essential oil percentage, essential oil yield; anethole, fenchone, limonene and stragole content in seed essential oil. Results showed that the highest and the lowest percentages of essential oil were obtained in control (2.9%) and A. chroococcum + vermicompost (2.2%) treatments, respectively. The highest essential oil yield (29.9 L ha–1) and anethole content of essential oil (69.7%) and the lowest contents of fenchone (6.14%), limonene (4.84%) and estragole (2.78%) in essential oil were obtained in compost + vermicompost treatment. It seems that compost + vermicompost treatment compared to other treatments supplied the highest equilibrium of nutrients and water in the root zone of sweet fennel which is led to increasing the anethole content, there upon, decreasing other compounds. Essential oil yield and percentage of anethole content in essential oil were significantly higher in all organic and biological treatments compared with control.Con el fin de evaluar los efectos de diferentes fertilizantes orgánicos y biológicos sobre la cantidad y calidad del aceite esencial de hinojo, se realizó un experimento en un diseño aleatorizado de bloques completos con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos experimentales incluyeron todas las combinaciones dobles de dos fertilizantes orgánicos ydos biológicos (Pseudomonas putida + Azotobacter chroococcum, Ps. putida + compost, Ps. putida + humus de lombriz, A. chroococcum + compost, A. chroococcum + humus de lombriz, y compost + humus de lombriz) y un control(sin fertilizar). Hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en términos de porcentaje del aceite esencial de las semillas, rendimiento de aceite esencial y contenido en anetol, fenchone, limoneno y estragol en el aceite esencial.Los resultados mostraron que el mayor y el menor porcentaje de aceites esenciales se obtuvieron en los tratamientos control (2,9%) y A. chroococcum + humus de lombriz (2,2%), respectivamente. En el tratamiento compost + humus de lombriz se obtuvo la mayor producción de aceite esencial (29,9 L ha–1) y contenido en anetol (69,7%), así como elmenor contenido de fenchone (6,14%), limoneno (4,84%) y estragol (2,78%). Parece que el tratamiento de compost + humus de lombriz suministró el mayor equilibrio de nutrientes y agua en la zona de la raíz del hinojo en comparación con otros tratamientos, lo que aumenta el contenido de anetol, y por tanto disminuye el de otros compuestos. La producción de aceite esencial y el porcentaje de contenido en anetol en el aceite esencial fue significativamente mayor en todos los tratamientos orgánicos y biológicos que en el control

Evaluation of economical yield and radiation use efficiency of maize and cotton in sole and ‎intercropping systems as affected by different levels of Nitrogen

In order to study the potential of maize-cotton intercropping for improving radiation use efficiency (RUE), an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block design with three replications at experimental filed of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experimental treatments were nitrogen in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 Kg N ha-1) and planting pattern in three levels (maize and cotton sole cropping and maize/cotton intercropping). LAI, dry matter and yields of maize and cotton were measured during the growing season. The results showed that economical yields of maize and cotton were significantly increased as affected by increase in N level. Economical yields of both crops in sole cropping were higher than intercropping system due to higher plant density. LAI and intercepted PAR in intercropping system were higher than sole cropping, and the traits were improved by increasing N levels. In all the N levels, LERPAR was greater than one, which represents the positive role of intercropping on radiation intercept compared to sole cropping. In general, the results showed that RUE in intercropping system was higher than sole cropping of the two species. Also, maize had higher RUE in comparison with cotton in all the experimental treatments. It seems that the intercropping system can be considered an appropriate approach for efficient use of resources

Effects of Single and Combined Application of Organic, Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

Introduction: Medicinal plants were one of the main natural resources of Iran from ancient times. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is from Apiaceae family that it has cultivated extensively in the world. Management and environmental factors such as nutritional management has a significant impact on the quantity and quality of plants. Application of organic fertilizers in conventional farming systems is not common and most of the nutritional need of plants supply through chemical fertilizers for short period. Excessive and unbalanced use of fertilizers in the long period, reduce crop yield and soil biological activity, accumulation of nitrates and heavy metals, and finally cause negative environmental effects and increase the cost of production. The use of bio-fertilizers and organic matter are taken into consideration to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase the quality of most crops. Stability and soil fertility through the use of organic fertilizers are important due to having most of the elements required by plants and beneficial effects on physical, chemical, biological and soil fertility. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on quality and quantity characteristics of coriander. Materials and Methods: In order to study the effects of single and combined applications of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and 12 treatments at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in - 2011. Treatments included: (1) mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae) (2) biosulfur (Thiobacillus sp.), (3) chemical fertilizer (NPK), (4) cow manure, )5( vermin compost, )6( mycorrhizae + chemical fertilizer, )7( mycorrhizae + cow manure, )8( mycorrhizae + vermicompost, )9( biosulfur + chemical fertilizer, )10( biosulfur + cow manure, )11( biosulfur + vermin compost and )12( control. Glomus mosseae was used at -2 cm depth below the seed. Chemical fertilizer, vermicompost (17 t. ha-1) and cow manure (60 t.ha-1) were used at 30 cm depth . Coriander was planted through furrow in mid-March 2010. The distance between rows was 60 cm and irrigation was done once a week. The common cultivation practices used for this plant and no pesticides or herbicides were used during the growing season. Coriander harvested in early July 2011 when the plants became yellow. Then, plant indices were measured in laboratory which included plant height, the number of lateral branch, the number of umbels per plant, the number of seed per umbels and plant, hundred seed weight, biological and economical yield, harvest index, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by SAS 9.1and means comparison were compared by Duncan’s multiple range (P < 0.05). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest number of lateral branch per plant (6.6) was obtained in biosulfur + cow manure treatment. Also, the highest number of umbel per plant (19) and number of umbelet per umbel (5) were observed in mycorrhizae treatment. Mycorrhizae by improving the nutritional status of plants, soil microbial community strengthening and protecting plants against pathogens increases plant growth and development. The highest number of seeds per umbel (21.6), the number of seeds per plant (366), seed yield (1468 kg,ha-1) and harvest index (55%) were obtained in mycorrhizae + chemical fertilizer treatment. Combined application of biosulfur with chemical fertilizer had a noticeable effect on 100-seed weights and biological yield indices. Ali et al., (2009) concluded that application of intermediate levels of nitrogen fertilizer and mycorrhizae increased biological yield of coriander, they reported that the use of nitrogen fertilizer will speed up the establishment of mycorrhizae. Studies showed that the combined use of chemical fertilizer and manure improved crop yield by increasing the efficiency ofnutrient absorption for plants. The highest essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were observed in mycorrhizae and mycorrhizae with chemical fertilizer treatments, respectively (0.2% and 2602 g.ha-1). Also, the essential oil yield was 7 times more in mycorrhizae+chemical fertilizer than biosulphur treatment. Combined application of cow manure and chemical fertilizer increased quality of indices of Ajowan. It seems that combined application of organic and bio fertilizers and cow manure improve soil physical and chemical properties, increase the availability of nutrients and finallyincrease the yield and quality of plants. Conclusions: Overall, results of this experiment showed that application of biological fertilizer especially mycorrhizae had a significant effect on improving quantitative and qualitative yield of Coriander. Furthermore, the combined application of mycorrhizae with organic and chemical fertilizer had better effects than their single application

Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on fruit yield and essential oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)

In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and biological fertilizers on quantity and quality of fennel essential oil, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included two organic (compost and vermicompost) and two biological (Pseudomonas putida and Azotobacter chroococcum) fertilizers, their all twin combinations (Ps. putida + A. chroococcum, Ps. putida + compost, Ps. putida + vermicompost, A. chroococcum + compost, A. chroococcum + vermicompost and compost + vermicompost) and control (non fertilized). There were significant differences between treatments in terms of seed essential oil percentage, essential oil yield; anethole, fenchone, limonene and estragole content in seed essential oil. Results showed that the highest and the lowest percentages of essential oil were obtained in control (2.9%) and A. chroococcum + vermicompost (2.2%) treatments, respectively. The highest essential oil yield (29.9 L ha�1) and anethole content of essential oil (69.7%) and the lowest contents of fenchone (6.14%), limonene (4.84%) and estragole (2.78%) in essential oil were obtained in compost + vermicompost treatment. It seems that compost + vermicompost treatment compared to other treatments supplied the highest equilibrium of nutrients and water in the root zone of sweet fennel which is led to increasing the anethole content, there upon, decreasing other compounds. Essential oil yield and percentage of anethole content in essential oil were significantly higher in all organic and biological treatments compared with control.Con el fin de evaluar los efectos de diferentes fertilizantes orgánicos y biológicos sobre la cantidad y calidad del aceite esencial de hinojo, se realizó un experimento en un diseño aleatorizado de bloques completos con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos experimentales incluyeron todas las combinaciones dobles de dos fertilizantes orgánicos y dos biológicos (Pseudomonas putida + Azotobacter chroococcum, Ps. putida + compost, Ps. putida + humus de lombriz, A. chroococcum + compost, A. chroococcum + humus de lombriz, y compost + humus de lombriz) y un control (sin fertilizar). Hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en términos de porcentaje del aceite esencial de las semillas, rendimiento de aceite esencial y contenido en anetol, fenchone, limoneno y estragol en el aceite esencial. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor y el menor porcentaje de aceites esenciales se obtuvieron en los tratamientos control (2,9%) y A. chroococcum + humus de lombriz (2,2%), respectivamente. En el tratamiento compost + humus de lombriz se obtuvo la mayor producción de aceite esencial (29,9 L ha�1) y contenido en anetol (69,7%), así como el menor contenido de fenchone (6,14%), limoneno (4,84%) y estragol (2,78%). Parece que el tratamiento de compost + humus de lombriz suministró el mayor equilibrio de nutrientes y agua en la zona de la raíz del hinojo en comparación con otros tratamientos, lo que aumenta el contenido de anetol, y por tanto disminuye el de otros compuestos. La producción de aceite esencial y el porcentaje de contenido en anetol en el aceite esencial fue significativamente mayor en todos los tratamientos orgánicos y biológicos que en el control

Investigation of the Effects of Clodinafop and Dicamba+2, 4-D on Kautskey Curve and Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence is noninvasive, highly sensitive, fast and easy way to give important information about the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Kautsky curves of wild oat and wild mustard sprayed by clodinafop and Dicamba+2, 4-D respectively was investigated at two green house experiments. The results indicated significant reduction at trend of Fv/Fm، Fvj and Area parameters five days after clodinafop spraying. The shapes of the Kautsky curves were affected by clodinafop five days after spraying. The maximum fluorescence (Fm) reduced significantly At 5 days after spraying. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters revealed clodinafop efficiency one week before herbicide symptoms occurred. Chlorophyll fluorescence could be an alternative method to study herbicide efficacy compare to the classical method (measuring dry or fresh weight). At wild mustard the shape of the Kautsky curve at higher doses of Dicamba+2, 4-D (371.2 and 165.1 g ai./ha) was affected one day after spray. The Kautsky curve quenching after 1000 ms did not occur two days after spray at the recommended dose (371.2 g ai./ha) but its decay was observed at under recommended doses at both one and two days after spray. Finally although clodinafop and Dicamba+2, 4-D are not directly PSII inhibitor but they could change the Kautsky curves shape and form before revealing visual symptoms of these herbicides