The Emergence of Analytic Philosophy and a Controversy at the Aristotelian Society: 1900-1916

For this year’s Virtual Issue, our guest editor, Omar W. Nasim, has collected together papers from the Aristotelian Society archives that represent a substantial part of a dispute that contributed to the emergence of analytic philosophy in Britain at the turn of the 20th Century. The dispute was primarily concerned with the problem of the external world – the nature of the sensible objects of perception, and how they relate to physical things and the perceiving subject. The participants in this controversy contested the nature of the appearance-reality distinction, whether it is it is possible for a thing to instantiate contrary sensible qualities at the same place and time, the distinction between presentation and representation, the nature of knowledge by acquaintance, and the nature of sense-data – e.g., whether sense-data are psychical or physical, whether they persist unperceived, and how they give rise to knowledge of the external world. G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell were significant contributors to these debates, but so too were several philosophers whose names are now less well known: G. F. Stout, G. Dawes Hicks, Abraham Wolf, T. Percy Nunn, and S. Alexander. This Virtual Issue collects together, for the first time, the important contributions made to these debates by all of these figures. In doing so it provides a fascinating insight into the ways in which Russell’s earliest attempts to construct the external world from sense-data were influenced by the ideas and arguments of his immediate contemporaries. Omar W. Nasim’s specially commissioned introduction to the Virtual Issue sets out the historical context of these disputes about the external world, and details the prominent role played by the Aristotelian Society in making them possible

Observation, working images and procedure: the ‘Great Spiral' in Lord Rosse's astronomical record books and beyond

This paper examines the interrelations between astronomical images of nebulae and their observation. In particular, using the case of the ‘Great Spiral' (M51), we follow this nebula beginning with its discovery and first sketch made by the third Earl of Rosse in 1845, to giving an account, using archival sources, of exactly how other images of the same object were produced over the years and stabilized within the record books of the Rosse project. It will be found that a particular ‘procedure' was employed using ‘working images' that interacted with descriptions, other images and the telescopic object itself. This stabilized not only some set of standard images of the object, but also a very potent conception of spirality as well, i.e. as a ‘normal form'. Finally, two cases will be contrasted, one being George Bond's application of this spiral conception to the nebula in Orion, and the other Wilhelm Tempel's rejection of the spiral form in M5

Jaw Osteomyelitis as a Complication of Sickle Cell Anaemia in Three Omani Patients : Case reports and literature review

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a common haemoglobinopathy among people from the Middle East, the Afro-Caribbean region, the Mediterranean and East India. While osteomyelitis of the long bones is a welldocumented complication of SCA, there are few documented cases of SCA patients presenting with jaw osteomyelitis. We report three SCA patients with chronic jaw osteomyelitis who presented to the Department of Oral Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between 2009 and 2013. Two of the patients had osteomyelitis of the mandible and the third had osteomyelitis of the maxilla. In addition, a brief review of the literature is presented focusing on the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of jaw osteomyelitis among patients with SCA

5-(2-Methoxy­benz­yl)-4-(2-methoxy­phen­yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ol

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C17H17N3O3, the triazole ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 88.09 (3) and 83.72 (3)° with respect to the 2-methoxy­benzyl and 2-methoxy­phenyl rings, respectively. The dihedral angle between the 2-methoxy­benzyl and 2-methoxy­phenyl rings is 52.95 (3)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers. There is a π–π contact between the 2-methoxy­phenyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.811 (3) Å]

4-(4-Methoxy­phen­yl)-3-[2-(2-methoxy­phen­yl)eth­yl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one

The title compound, C18H19N3O3, is a biologically active triazole derivative. The five-membered ring is oriented with respect to the six-membered rings at dihedral angles of 51.59 (4) and 61.37 (4)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions between centrosymmetrically related mol­ecules [the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 47.44 (5)°]

4-(2-Methoxy­phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-tri­methoxy­phen­ethyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

The title compound, C20H23N3O4S, is an important biologically active heterocyclic compound. The five-membered ring is oriented with respect to the six-membered rings at dihedral angles of 78.60 (3) (trimethoxyphenyl ring) and 71.57 (3)° (methoxyphenyl ring). In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite chains along the c axis

5-(3-Methoxy­pheneth­yl)-4-(2-methoxy­phen­yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ol

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C18H19N3O3, the triazole ring is oriented with respect to the 3-methoxy­phenyl and 2-methoxy­phenyl rings at dihedral angles of 11.79 (3) and 89.22 (3)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 85.95 (3)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules. There is a π–π contact between the triazole and 3-methoxy­phenyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.916 (3) Å]. There is a π–π contact between the triazole and one of the 3-methoxy­phenyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.916 (3) Å ]. C—H⋯π contacts are also found between the benzene ring and the methyl groups of their 3-methoxy-substituents

3-(3-Methoxy­benz­yl)-4-(2-methoxy­phen­yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

In the title compound, C17H17N3O2S, the five-membered ring forms dihedral angles of 53.02 (3) and 78.57 (3)° with the 3-meth­oxy-substituted and 2-meth­oxy-substituted benzene rings, respectively. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers via inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds

Social security and medicines: coverage mechanisms of two health insurance organizations in the context of inflation, 2011-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: La elevada inflación argentina puede comprometer el acceso a los medicamentos, incluso con cobertura de la seguridad social. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la evolución entre 2011 y 2019 de la cobertura del Instituto Nacional de Servicios Sociales para Jubilados y Pensionados (INSSJyP, también conocido como PAMI) y del Instituto de Obra Médico Asistencial (IOMA) para una selección de medicamentos de uso ambulatorio, fuera de patente, de consumo frecuente en patologías prevalentes, y evaluar si la evolución del ingreso de los beneficiarios acompañó el aumento del gasto de bolsillo para estos fármacos. MÉTODOS: Se registró la evolución del precio de venta al público (PVP) y de la cobertura por INSSJyP y por IOMA en los cuatrienios 2011-2015 y 2015-2019 para una selección de 10 fármacos utilizados en enfermedades crónicas de alta prevalencia. Se calculó la evolución del gasto de bolsillo para las presentaciones promedio, más barata y más cara de cada fármaco, y se comparó con la evolución de los ingresos de los beneficiarios. RESULTADOS: La cobertura promedio del INSSJyP para los fármacos estudiados subió de 63% en 2011 a 73% en 2019. La cobertura del PVP promedio por el IOMA fue de 55% en 2011 y descendió a 36% en 2019, debido a la demora en la actualización de los montos fijos. Para los beneficiarios de ambas instituciones el gasto de bolsillo creció menos que el ingreso en 2011-2015 pero lo superó ampliamente en 2015-2019. DISCUSIÓN: El sistema de cobertura por monto fijo tiene ventajas conceptuales, pero requiere una actualización oportuna de los valores con la inflación.INTRODUCTION: Argentina’s high inflation can compromise access to medicines, even with social security coverage. The objective was to describe the evolution between 2011 and 2019 of the coverage by the National Institute of Social Services for Retirees and Pensioners (INSSJyP, also known as PAMI) and the Institute of Medical Assistance (IOMA, for the Spanish acronym) of a selection of medicines for outpatient use, with expired patent, frequently used in prevalent pathologies, and to evaluate whether the evolution of the beneficiaries’ income accompanied the increase in out-of-pocket expenses for these drugs. METHODS: The evolution of the retail Price (RP) and coverage by INSSJyP and IOMA was recorded for a selection of 10 drugs used in high-prevalence chronic diseases, in the periods 2011-2015 and 2015-2019. The out-of-pocket expense evolution was calculated for the average, cheapest and most expensive presentations of each drug, and compared with the evolution of the beneficiaries’ income. RESULTS: The average coverage of the INSSJyP for the studied drugs increased from 63% of de RP in 2011 to 73% in 2019. The coverage of the average RP by IOMA was 55% in 2011 and decreased to 36% in 2019, due to the delay in updating the fixed amounts. For the beneficiaries of both institutions, out-of-pocket spending grew less than income in 2011-2015 but greatly exceeded it in 2015-2019. DISCUSSION: The fixed amount coverage system has conceptual advantages, but requires a timely update of the values accompanying inflation.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Remédios retirados em outros países devido a problemas de segurança: Devem continuar presentes no mercado farmacêutico argentino?

Introducción: Numerosos fármacos han sido retirados del mercado por sus riesgos de efectos adversos graves. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar en el mercado farmacéutico argentino (MFA) la presencia de medicamentos retirados en otros países por problemas de seguridad, analizar información sobre sus riesgos y proponer recomendaciones. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo que exploró la presencia en el MFA, hasta mayo de 2021, de 462 medicamentos retirados en otros países. Se estudiaron aquellos medicamentos de esta lista presentes en el MFA y que no estuvieran autorizados actualmente en países de alta vigilancia sanitaria. Resultados: 17 medicamentos siguen presentes en el MFA, uno de venta libre. El prospecto de 11 de los 17 fármacos no menciona los efectos adversos que motivaron su retiro. Se consideró que la permanencia en el MFA de 16 de ellos debería ser reevaluada. Conclusiones: se realizan recomendaciones sobre acciones a tomar por las autoridades reguladoras con los 17 medicamentos aún presentes en el MFA.Introduction: Numerous medicines have been withdrawn from the market because of the risks of serious adverse effects. The objective of this study was to identify in the Argentine pharmaceutical market (APM) the presence of medicines withdrawn in other countries due to safety problems, to analyze the information on their risks and to propose recommendations. Method: observational, descriptive study that explored the presence in the APM, until May 2021, of 462 medicines withdrawn in other countries. Those medicines on this list that are present in the APM and that are not currently authorized in countries with high sanitary surveillance were studied. Results: 17 medicines are still present in the APM, one over-the-counter. The package insert for 11 of the 17 medicines does not mention the adverse effects that led to their withdrawal. It was considered that the permanence in the APM of 16 of them should be reassessed. Conclusions: recommendations are made on actions to be taken by the regulatory authorities with the 17 medicines already present in the APM.Introdução: Vários medicamentos foram retirados do mercado devido a os riscos de efeitos adversos graves. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar no mercado farmacêutico argentino (MFA) a presença de medicamentos retirados em outros países por problemas de segurança, analisar informações sobre seus riscos e proporre comendações. Método: estudo observacional, descritivo que explorou a presença no MFA, até maio de 2021, de 462 medicamentos retirados em outros países. Foram estudados os medicamentos desta lista que estão presentes no MFA e que atualmente não são autorizados em países com alta vigilância sanitária. Resultados: 17 medicamentos ain da estão presentes no MFA, um sem prescrição. A bula de 11 dos 17 medicamentos não menciona os efeitos adversos que levaram à sua retirada. Considerou-se que a permanência no MFA de 16 deles deveria ser reavaliada. Conclusões: sãofeitas recomendações sobre as ações a serem tomadas pelas autoridades reguladoras com os 17 medicamentos ain da presentes no MFA.Facultad de Ciencias Médica