Is Dower Abolished?

Otofaji (kendini yeme) hasarlı h&uuml;cresel proteinleri ve organelleri ortadan kaldıran evrimsel bir s&uuml;re&ccedil;tir. Otofaji uyarılınca bozunuma uğrayan sitoplazma ve organeller vezik&uuml;ller i&ccedil;ine alınır. Şekillenen vezik&uuml;ller mayalarda vakuole, memeli h&uuml;crelerinde lizozoma g&ouml;n-derilir. A&ccedil;lık veya oksidatif stres gibi durumlarda ya da normal koşullar altında makromolek&uuml;llerin bozunumu ve besin dengesinin sağlanması otofaji aracılığıyla d&uuml;-zenlenir. &Ouml;karyotik h&uuml;crelerde otofaji, oluşma şekline g&ouml;re makro-otofaji, mikro-otofaji ve şaperon aracılı otofaji olarak sınıflandırılır. Bunların hepsi lizozomda sitosolik bileşenlerin proteolitik bozunmasını teşvik eder ve otofajiye bağlı genler ve bunlarla ilişkili enzim-ler aracılığıyla d&uuml;zenlenirler. Makro-otofaji ve mikro-otofaji bağımlı lizozomal/vakuoler yıkım s&uuml;reci ya se&ccedil;i-ci olmaz (non-selektif) ya da se&ccedil;icidir (selektif). Şaperon aracılı otofaji yanlış katlanmış veya yanlışlıkla oluşturulmuş sitosolik proteinleri indirgemek i&ccedil;in kulla-nılan bir se&ccedil;ici otofajidir. Se&ccedil;ici olmayan makro-otofajide sitoplazma otofagozom oluşumuyla, mikro-otofajide ise &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;nebilir intrasell&uuml;ler substratlar boru bi&ccedil;imindeki invaginasyonlarla lizozom/vakuol i&ccedil;ine alınır. Se&ccedil;ici makro- ya da mikro-otofaji sayısı artan ya da hasar g&ouml;rm&uuml;ş olan &ccedil;eşitli organeller ile invaziv mik-ropları hedef alır. Bu durumda otofaji kargo i&ccedil;eriğine g&ouml;re retikulofaji veya ERfaji, pekzofaji, mitofaji, lipofaji, zimofaji, n&uuml;kleofaji, ribofaji, agrefaji ve ksenofaji gibi &ouml;zel isimlerle tanımlanır. Bu derlemede doğru h&uuml;cresel fonksiyonları korumak i&ccedil;in hasarlı organelleri, protein yığınlarını ve h&uuml;cre i&ccedil;i patojenleri yok eden bir sitoprotektif program olarak işlev g&ouml;ren otofaji ele alınmıştır.Autophagy (self-eating) is an evolutionary process that removes damaged cellular proteins and organelles. When autophagy is induced, degrading cytoplasm and organelles are taken up into vesicles. . These vesicles are sent to the vacuolated or lysosomes in the yeast and mammalian cells, respectively. Provision of degradation of macromolecules and nutrient balance under stress conditions, such as starvation or oxidative stress or under normal conditions, is regulated by autophagy. In eukaryotic cells, autophagy is classified as macro-autophagy, micro-autophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy according to the formation pattern. All of these promote the proteolytic degradation of cytosolic components in the lysosome and are regulated by autophage-linked genes and their associated enzymes. Macro-autophagy and micro-autophagy dependent lysosomal/vacuolar degradation processes are either non-selective or selective (selective). Chaperone-mediated autophagy is a selective autophagy used to reduce unfolded or misfolded cytosolic proteins. In the non-selective macro-autophagy, the cytoplasm is incorporated into the lysosome/vacuole by autophagosome, while in the micro-autophagy the soluble intracellular substrates are introduced into the lysosome/vacuole via tubular invaginations. The selective macro- or micro-autophagy target invasive microorganisms with various organelles that are either increased in number or damaged. In this case, autophagy is defined by special names such as reticulophagy or ERphagy, pexophagy, mitophagy, lipophagy, zimophagy, nucleophagy, ribophagy, aggrephagy and ksenophagy, according to the contents of the cargo. This review focuses on autophagy that functions as a cytoprotective program that destroys damaged organelles, protein deposits and intracellular pathogens in order to preserve the correct cellular functions.</p

Učinak bojenja i starenja na parametar translucencije CAD/CAM materijala

Objectives: To evaluate different intervals of exposure to staining solutions and artificial aging on translucency parameter (TP 00) of CAD-CAM materials. Material and Methods: One millimeter thick square-shaped specimens (N = 288) were cut from Cerasmart (CS), IPS e.max (IE), Lava Ultimate (LU), Shofu HC (SH), Vita Enamic (VE), and Vita Suprinity (VS) and were divided into laboratory and chairside polishing. Reflection wavelength spectra, CIE D65 standard illuminant, 2 ° standard observer, SCI, UV included, SAV aperture, 6 mm diameter, were recorded at 10 nm sensitivity against white and black calibration tiles using a benchtop spectrophotometer. Subsequently, they were converted into CIEDE 2000 TP 00. After baseline measurements (T0), the specimens were divided as follows (n = 8): staining in coffee (C) and wine (W), for 60 (T1) and 120 hours (T2), and accelerated artificial aging (A). Artificial aging (ISO 4892-2 standard) was performed in two cycles of 150 KJ/m 2, for T1 and T2, respectively. TP measurements were repeated at T1 and T2. Data of TP 00 retention were submitted to analysis of variance and Fisher’s PLSD multiple comparison test (α=0.05). Results: Fisher’s PLSD critical differences among materials, time intervals and staining/aging were 0.16, 0.11 and 0.11, respectively. SH showed the highest TP 00 followed by LU > CS > IE = VS > VE. For all time intervals, the lowest TP 00 retention was observed with C. W, and A presented similar values. Conclusions: Translucency Parameter was material, time and staining/aging-dependent material. In majority of cases, it decreased upon staining/aging.Svrha rada: Procijeniti utjecaj različitih intervala izloženosti otopinama za bojenje i umjetnom starenju na parameter translucencije (TP 00) CAD/CAM materijala.Materijal i metode: Uzorci kvadratnog oblika debljine 1 mm (N = 288) izrezani su iz blokova Cerasmart (CS), IPS e.max (IE), Lava Ultimate (LU), Shofu HC (SH), Vita Enamic (VE) i Vita Suprinity ( VS) te su razvrstani u skupine u kojima je provedeno poliranje ili u laboratoriju ili u ordinaciji. Mjereni su referentnim spektrofotometrom spektri valne duljine refleksije (standardno osvjetljenje CIE D65, standardni promatrač od 2°, SCI, uključen UV, otvor SAV, promjer 6 mm) pri osjetljivosti od 10 nm na bijelim i crnim kalibracijskim pločicama i pretvoreni u CIEDE 2000 TP 00 . Nakon početnih mjerenja (T0) uzorci su podijeljeni na sljedeći način (n = 8): bojenje u kavi (C) i vinu (W) 60 (T1) i 120 sati (T2) te ubrzano umjetno starenje (A) . Umjetno starenje (ISO 4892-2 standard) obavljeno je u dvama ciklusima od 150 KJ/m2, za T1, odnosno T2. Mjerenja TP-a ponovljena su nakon T1 i T2. Podatci o TP 00 podvrgnuti su analizi varijance Fisherovim PLSD- testom višestruke usporedbe (α = 0,05).Rezultati: Kritične razlike Fisherova PLSD-testa između materijala, vremenskih intervala i bojenja/starenja bile su 0,16, 0,11, odnosno 0,11. SH je imao najviši TP 00 , a zatim slijede LU > CS > IE = VS > VE. Za sve intervale zabilježeno je najmanje zadržavanje TP 00 kod C-a. Slične vrijednosti imali su W i A. Zaključci: Parametar translucencije ovisio je o materijalu, vremenu i bojenju/starenju. U većini slučajeva smanjio se nakon bojenja/starenja

Association between disease-related factors and balance and falls among the elderly with COPD: a cross-sectional study

Background and aims: To investigate the relationship between disease-related factors and balance, and a history of falls in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Thirty-six patients with COPD and twenty healthy individuals were studied. Pulmonary function (pulmonary function test), hypoxemia (analysis of arterial blood gases), history of falls and tripping (number of falls and tripping in the past year), balance (Berg's Balance Scale-BBS), quadriceps femoris muscle strength (manual muscle test), and exercise capacity (6-minute walking test-6MWT) were assessed. Results: BBS scores were significantly different between groups (p=0.001). BBS scores, frequency of falls and tripping were correlated in COPD patients (p <= 01). BBS score and frequency of falls were correlated with dyspnea and peripheral oxygen saturation measured after the 6MWT, partial arterial oxygen pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation values in COPD patients (p<0.05). Conclusions: According to our results, hypoxemia, dyspnea and fatigue are disease-related factors, which are related with balance impairment and falls in COPD patients. For this reason, we suggest that assessment of and training to improve balance impairment among the elderly with COPD should be a component of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in clinical practice. (Aging Clin Exp Res 2011; 23: 372-377) (C)2011, Editrice Kurti

EFFECT OF SMOKING ON ATTACHMENT OF HUMAN PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT CELLS TO PERIODONTALLY INVOLVED ROOT SURFACES FOLLOWING ENAMEL MATRIX DERIVATIVE APPLICATION

The most important aim in periodontal therapy is to regenerate the periodontal supporting tissue lost as a result of periodontitis. Several studies have demonstrated that tobacco use interferes with periodontal therapy and substantially reduces the possibility of favorable treatment outcomes. The present study was performed to determine the attachment of PDL cells to the diseased roots of a smoking patient compared to non-smoking controls with enamel matrix derivative (EMD) application. Teeth both from a patient smoking more than 20 cigarettes daily and from another non-smoking patient were extracted and PDL tissue biopsies were taken from these teeth. Fibroblasts were cultured. Each root surface was divided into six equal parts. Samples were treated with citric acid and EMD, embedded into cell culture flasks, and kept in the culture for 1 h, 3 h, 5 h and 3 days. Then, electron microscopy analysis was performed. In the smoking group, collagen fibers were spread parallel to the surface as in the non-smoking group, but in one single direction rather than in different directions. It was observed that EMD application on smoking and non-smoking periodontally-diseased patients could affect the function of PDL cells and the potential of collagen production

Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using flavonoid quercetin and their effects on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in microglial cells

Quercetin is a plant origin phytochemical with several pharmaceutical activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, consumption of quercetin is limited due to its low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver and gold nanoparticles of quercetin with a view to improve its aqueous phase solubility and investigate the effects on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells. The average size of silver and gold-quercetin nanoparticles was 53 and 27nm, respectively. Absorption peaks in the UV-Vis spectra were observed at 555 and 405nm for gold and silver-quercetin nanoparticles, respectively. The particle size and mapping of silver and gold-quercetin nanoparticles were also determined using a STEM detector. The inflammatory stimulation of the BV-2 cells with LPS caused an elevated release of proinflammatory prostaglandin, E2, nitric oxide (NO), upregulated cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase mRNA, and protein levels, which were markedly inhibited by the pretreatment with gold-quercetin nanoparticles (highly soluble in water) without causing any cytotoxic effects. The findings of the present study suggest that the potential of gold-quercetin nanoparticles are much better than quercetin and that gold-quercetin nanoparticles might provide protection against inflammatory neurodegenerative disease via suppression of acute microglial activation

IN VITRO COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF DENTAL FILLING MATERIALS ON MOUSE FIBROBLASTS

The choice of filling material is an important factor in the clinical success of root coverage. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of filling materials must be investigated to ensure a safe biological response. The aim of this study was to compare the response of L929 mouse fibroblasts to several glass ionomer cements (GICs), i.e. conventional GIC, resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and polyacid-modified resin composite (PMRC), using three different methods. 1) 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 2) agar diffusion test, 3) scanning electron microscop