Burden and Determinants of Malignancy in Solitary Nodule of Thyroid in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai

BACKGROUND: The concern with thyroid nodules is the possibility of malignancy. Thyroid cancers are rare, accounting for only 1.0% of all cancers in most populations and 0.5% of all cancer deaths. Nonetheless, thyroid cancers occur in approximately 5% of all thyroid nodules independent of their size. With thyroid nodules being so prevalent in the general population, it is important to have a clear strategy of assessing nodules and determining which of these will require surgery or can be managed conservatively. The main problem posed by the discovery of a thyroid nodule is distinguishing between a benign and a malignant lesion. Nowadays, this problem has largely been solved by fine-needle biopsy. When performed by an experienced cytologist, this technique allows diagnosis of the nature of thyroid nodules with great sensitivity and specificity. . But FNAC is, however not without limitations; accuracy is lower in suspicious cytology and in follicular neoplasms. Despite all the newer techniques available, histopatholgy remains the most conclusive in the evaluation of the pathology of solitary nodule of thyroid. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a patient with solitary nodule thyroid in terms of: 1. Clinical presentation, age & sex distribution of solitary nodule thyroid & complications. 2. To compare and correlate the findings of investigation i.e. FNAC,USG with the histopathology of resected specimen. 3. Usefulness of FNAC,USG,HPE in the management of solitary nodule thyroid. 4. Differential Diagnosis for solitary nodule thyroid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study going to be conducted in the department of General surgery, GOVERNMENT STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE FROM (MAY 2018 TO MAY 2019) SOURCE OF DATA: The patients admitted in our hospital wards for management of SOLITARY NODULE OF THYROID from May 2018 to May 2019 will be taken up for the study. Study design : Descriptive study. Sample size : Total number of eligible patients admitted during study period(May 2018 to May 2019). Sample design : Purposive sampling. Study place : Dept. of General Surgery,STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. Study period : May 2018 to May 2019. METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA: ▪ Pre tested Questionnaire will be filled based on history given. ▪ Clinical examination of patient. ▪ Thyroid profile. ▪ Routine investigations. ▪ Ultrasound of the neck. ▪ Fine needle aspiration cytology with hypodermic needle of 21-24 gauge. ▪ Indirect laryngoscopy will be done to rule out a symptomatic paralysis of vocal cords & also for medico legal purpose. ▪ Surgery as per the diagnosis made. ▪ Histopathology of resected specimen. ▪ Age,sex distribution, Symptomatology. ▪ Indication for surgery and its complications will be analysed. INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. All the eligible patients admitted to STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE during the period of study will be included. 2. All the patients of age more than 13years. 3. Both sex are included. EXCLUSION CRITERIA 1. On evaluation more than one thyroid nodule within the gland are excluded. 2. Pregnant and Lactating women. 3. Patients unfit for surgery. RESULT: Commonest presentation of solitary thyroid nodule was asymptomatic. The Peak incidence of solitary nodule was observed in 3rd to 5th decade, constituting 58% of the cases studied. Females predominated in number over males in occurrence of solitary nodule in ratio of 1:15.67. The common causes of solitary nodule was MNG (16%), follicular adenoma (14%), adenomatous goiter(56%). 96% of cases presented in euthyroid state. Incidence of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule was 12%. Male to female ratio in case of malignant nodule was1:6. Incidence of carcinoma in females presenting as solitary nodule was higher compared to that of males. The most common cause of malignancy was papillary carcinoma (83.33%) followed by follicular carcinoma (16.67%). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Solitary nodule of thyroid is more common in females.Solitary nodule of thyroid is more common in the age group of 20-50years.Most of the patients with solitary nodule of thyroid present with swelling alone.Most of the patients with solitary nodule of thyroid are in euthyroid state.Incidence of malignancy in female patients presenting with solitary nodule thyroid is more.commonest cause of solitary nodule of thyroid is adenoma. USG can be used to detect multi-nodular goitre in patients presenting with solitary nodule thyroid. FNAC is the investigation of choice in the evaluation of solitary nodule of thyroid. It has few pitfalls. In such situations, only histopathology can confirm the exact pathology. It detects papillary carcinoma in a solitary nodule with high sensitivity and specificity. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignancy of thyroid, followed by follicular carcinoma

A Method for Obtaining Electronic Voting Systems based Voter Confidentiality and Voting Accuracy

A Voting is common in our daily life, from electing president to electing committee. A complete electronic voting scheme suitable for all kinds of voting with safe guaranty where the voter?s privacy can be protected. Fingerprint system security have been investigated, including the use of fake fingerprints for masquerading identity, the problem of fingerprint alteration or obfuscation has received very little attention. Fingerprint image quality assessment software (e.g., NFIQ) cannot always detect altered fingerprints since the implicit image quality due to alteration may not change significantly. The main contributions of this Research are-1.Compiling case studies of incidents where individuals were found to have altered their fingerprints for circumventing AFIS.2.Identifying the damages of fingerprint alteration on the accuracy of a commercial fingerprint matcher.3.Classifying the alterations into three major categories and suggesting possible countermeasures.4.Developing a technique to automatically detect altered fingerprints based on analyzing orientation field and minutiae distribution.5.Evaluating the proposed technique and the NFIQ algorithm on a big database of altered fingerprints provided by a law enforcement agency. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach in detecting altered fingerprints and highlight the need to further pursue this problem

In-vitro screening of amylase producing halophilic bacteria isolated from seawater

In this study, eight halobacterial strains were isolated from seawater. Among the eight isolates, four strains grew well in nutrient medium with 40 g/100 mL of sodium chloride concentration. Amongst all, HA01 was found to show highest amylase activity than others. Highest amylase producing bacteria, i.e. HA01 was subjected for 16S rRNA sequence based identification and it was found to be Aquabacterium sp. strain AS02. The organism showed optimal amylase production at pH 7 and temperature of 42 °C and NaCl concentration of 3 M. The two substrates (banana peel and potato peel) were used for the amylase production among which banana peel showed that highest amylase activity of 6.12 U/mL than potato peel (4.27 U/mL)

Molecular breeding tools improved drought tolerant groundnut variety for resistance to foliar fungal diseases

A largely rainfed crop in India, drought tolerance, particularly mid- and end-season tolerance, is a key trait in groundnut varieties. A combination of both empirical and trait-based approaches was used in breeding programs of ICAR and ICRISAT, resulting in release of few tolerant varieties that have superior pod yield under drought stress and/or have enhanced water-use-efficiency. There is a need to breed varieties with drought tolerance, disease resistance and quality traits that suit different production ecologies as well as meet the needs of the farmers, consumers and industries. ICRISAT has released an early-maturing (90-95 d) and drought- tolerant variety ICGV 91114 for the drought-prone Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India, where about 0.7 m ha area is under groundnut cultivation and has low (300 mm) and erratic (30-40 rainy days) rainfall. On-farm studies conducted with ICGV 91114 during 2008-10 showed 30% reduction in yield variability over the years. Following screening in hot-spots of both rust and LLS disease during 2014 rainy season, a total of 27 introgression lines derived from ICGV 91114 were selected and advanced for evaluation in multi-location trials at six locations in 2015 under rainfed conditions. Based on the pod yield under rainfed conditions and disease resistance, three superior introgression lines (ICGV 14410, ICGV 13189, ICGV 14421) were proposed for the first-ever NILs trial (near-isogenic lines trial) along with eight others conducted under All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut (AICRP-G) at national level

Incisional hernia following colorectal cancer surgery according to suture technique: Hughes Abdominal Repair Randomized Trial (HART).

BACKGROUND: Incisional hernias cause morbidity and may require further surgery. HART (Hughes Abdominal Repair Trial) assessed the effect of an alternative suture method on the incidence of incisional hernia following colorectal cancer surgery. METHODS: A pragmatic multicentre single-blind RCT allocated patients undergoing midline incision for colorectal cancer to either Hughes closure (double far-near-near-far sutures of 1 nylon suture at 2-cm intervals along the fascia combined with conventional mass closure) or the surgeon's standard closure. The primary outcome was the incidence of incisional hernia at 1 year assessed by clinical examination. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS: Between August 2014 and February 2018, 802 patients were randomized to either Hughes closure (401) or the standard mass closure group (401). At 1 year after surgery, 672 patients (83.7 per cent) were included in the primary outcome analysis; 50 of 339 patients (14.8 per cent) in the Hughes group and 57 of 333 (17.1 per cent) in the standard closure group had incisional hernia (OR 0.84, 95 per cent c.i. 0.55 to 1.27; P = 0.402). At 2 years, 78 patients (28.7 per cent) in the Hughes repair group and 84 (31.8 per cent) in the standard closure group had incisional hernia (OR 0.86, 0.59 to 1.25; P = 0.429). Adverse events were similar in the two groups, apart from the rate of surgical-site infection, which was higher in the Hughes group (13.2 versus 7.7 per cent; OR 1.82, 1.14 to 2.91; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: The incidence of incisional hernia after colorectal cancer surgery is high. There was no statistical difference in incidence between Hughes closure and mass closure at 1 or 2 years. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN25616490 (http://www.controlled-trials.com)

A FUZZY BASED APPROACH IN MULTIHOP NETWORK

The proposed system utilizes the concept of multi hop communication in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs). On the other hand , the single hop communication leads to more power dissipation in the nodes at the time of transmitting sensed data. The proposed system rectifies the above mentioned problem with the multi hop communication among the finite number of nodes to determine the distance for transferring information from source node to base station using the Fuzzy logical method. In a nutshell, the multi hop communication leads the better solution for saving the transmission energy in the wireless environment

High-temperature tribological performance of stir-cast and heat-treated EV31A magnesium alloy: Experiments and predictions

The temperature effect on the wear behaviour of EV31A Mg alloy during dry sliding wear was investigated. Wear tests were carried out at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 °C using a standard load of 10 N and a sliding distance of 1000 m. Weight loss method was used to calculate the wear rate. Optical microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of the EV31A alloy. FE-SEM with EDS analysis was used to investigate the wear morphology, and XRD analysis was performed both before and after the wear test. A high wear coefficient (K) value (more than 10−4) indicates extreme wear for EV31A in all the scenarios. T4 EV31A had a maximum wear rate of 20.2 mg at 150 °C. The as-cast EV31A alloy exhibits an excellent wear rate at the price of mechanical properties under all test scenarios. Wear resistance is improved by Nd and Zr oxides, although Mg and Gd oxides have little effect. Zn has no effect on the wear behaviour of the EV31A. In as-cast, T4, and T6 heat-treated conditions, the EV31A alloy exhibits delamination (abrasive wear), oxide development (corrosive wear), and delamination mixed with plastic deformation (adhesive wear). A Three-layered ANN and adapted Fine Gaussian SVM predicted tribological characteristics. In ANN prediction, the maximum R2 was 0.99 for CoF and 0.89 for wear rate, respectively. Despite the fact that the study's normal load is constant, machine learning models allow to deduce that temperature and normal load are the main influential parameters in CoF and wear rate, respectively

A New Approach to Evaluate the Biomechanical Characteristics of Osseointegrated Dental Implants

Tooth loss is a common pathology that affects many people. Dental osseointegrated implants are the ideal solution to restore normal functionality in partially or completely edentulous patients. The not perfect osseointegration and the fixture fracture are the main causes of failure for these kinds of implant. To avoid these drawbacks, several studies have been conducted to analyse the behaviour of dental implants. Aim of this work is to analyse the biomechanical behaviour of three different endosseous dental implants. For this purpose, a new numerical model has been developed to simulate different levels of osseointegration and to evaluate the stress values on the bone at different times. In this way, it can be investigated the possibility of anticipating the use of dental implants that usually is delayed three months after surgery. Obtained results confirm the validity of the proposed approach and can provide useful guidelines for dentists