Relationship between sexual offences and mental and developmental disorders: a review

CONTEXTO: A violência sexual é um grave problema de saúde pública que preocupa e confronta nossa sociedade. A prevalência, a magnitude e as consequências desse problema têm merecido atenção crescente por parte de estudiosos e pesquisadores da saúde e dos direitos humanos. OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a relação entre crimes sexuais e transtornos mentais e do desenvolvimento. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados do PubMed, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Lilacs, utilizando os descritores "sexual crime", "sexual offense", "mental disorder", "mental retardation", "developmental disability" e suas combinações. RESULTADOS: Os transtornos mentais e do desenvolvimento mais frequentemente relacionados à perpetração de crimes sexuais foram esquizofrenia, transtorno bipolar e retardo mental. CONCLUSÃO: São importantes a detecção e o tratamento da morbidade psiquiátrica entre ofensores sexuais nos sistemas de saúde e de justiça criminal, o que pode contribuir para menor risco de reincidência desse comportamento sexual.BACKGROUND: Sexual violence is a serious public health problem that concerns and faces our society. The prevalence, magnitude and consequences of this problem have merited growing attention by health researchers and human rights scholars. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a review of the literature regarding the relationship between mental disorders, sexual offences and those of development. METHODS: A bibliographic research was performed in PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Lilacs, employing the terms "sexual crime", "sexual offence", "mental disorder", "mental retardation", "developmental disability" and its combinations. RESULTS: The mental disorders and developmental disorders more frequently related to the perpetration of sexual offences were schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and mental retardation. DISCUSSION: The detection and treatment of psychiatric morbidity among sexual offenders in health and criminal justice systems, which may contribute to a lower risk of recidivism of this sexual behaviour, is important

Relationship between epileptic seizures and criminal behavior: A Systematic Literature Review

Objective: The principal objective aims to assess a possible relationship between epilepsy and aggressive behavior. Secondarily, we intend to study how epilepsy relates to criminal liability. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed, using the Web of Science,United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed),and Scielo databases. The searches were conducted in May-June 2022 and covered the period from 2000 to 2022. Eligibility criteria consisted on original articles in English and Portuguese that were interested in the association of epilepsy, criminal behavior (with aggression directed to others), criminal liability in adults with epilepsy. Results: The search yielded 921 results, 794 of which in PubMed, 115 in Web of Science, and 12 in Scielo. Articles that failed to meet the inclusion criteria (206) and duplicates (201) were excluded. Conclusion: There were no findings to indicate a significant increase in aggressive behaviors in individuals with epilepsy. However, it was possible to identify a higher prevalence of aggressive acts in males with epilepsy, besides the presence of comorbidities with mental disorders and substance use. In addition, the results suggest that in criminal offenders with epilepsy, the seizures originated in the temporal and frontal cerebral lobes. Further researchis necessary on the relationship between epilepsy, criminality, and criminal liability in order to produce more robust data to support legal proceedings

Tradução e adaptação transcultural da versão brasileira do Inventário de Ansiedade Geriátrica (GAI) = Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI)

Introduction: There has been a growing interest in the cross-cultural adaptation of instruments for assessment of anxiety, but studies involving anxiety specifically in the geriatric population is still unusual. Thus, there is a lack of instruments designed to comply with this population. Translation and cultural adaptation is the first step to providing comparisons between different cultural contexts. Objective: Elaborate the semantic equivalence of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory to Brazilian Portuguese. Method: The cross-cultural adaptation process consisted in four steps: two translations, two back- translations, both made by independent translators, the development of a synthetic version, and a pretest applied in a population sample. Results: For each item of the instrument, we present the results of four steps. Throughout the process, any problems found could be solved by ensuring the quality of the instrument and its appropriateness to the population to which it is intended. Discussion: The use of four-step method proved effective and safe in the process of semantic equivalence

Integrating positive psychology and the solution-focused approach with Cognitive-Behavioural coaching: the integrative Cognitive-Behavioural Coaching Model

Cognitive-behavioural coaching (CBC) is a well-established, evidence-based approach to coaching. It is based on the principle that characterises cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), that it is not the events per se which cause distress or joy but the way the individual interprets them. CBC techniques are therefore mainly based on identifying how the coachee perceives key events in the process of change and on modifying unhelpful, performance-blocking beliefs. Experimenting with new behaviours that will challenge old beliefs and strengthen new, empowering ones, is also a hallmark of CBC. Despite its effectiveness in a range of coaching scenarios, traditional CBC still lacks a language for focussing on strengths and positive emotions. For this reason, there is a growing number of cognitive-behavioural coaches interested in integrating tools and techniques derived from Positive Psychology (PP) and the Solution-Focused (SF) approach. Here we propose Integrative Cognitive-Behavioural Coaching, a model of coaching essentially based on the cognitive-behavioural perspective but which also encapsulates key aspects of PP and the SF approach to coaching

Brazilian version of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test (SISST): translation and cross-cultural adaptation

BACKGROUND: The Social Interaction Self-Statement Test (SISST) proposes to evaluate cognitive responses in adults who reported heterosocial difficulties. Its cross-cultural adaptation is the first stage for future comparisons on the construct measured by the instrument in different populations. OBJECTIVE: Semantic adaptation of the SISST for Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: Process consisted of two translations and back-translations, performed by independent evaluators without any prior knowledge of the scale to be translated. Development of synthetic version was conducted jointly by two different expertises in mental health. RESULTS: The four stages of the process were presented. The use of two translations and back-translations allowed a broader discussion for synthetic version. The participation of specialists in mental health collaborated to the appropriateness of the terms used for the construct measured. The experimental application offered greater security to the process of semantic equivalence. DISCUSSION: Through the use of this methodology was possible to elaborate the version of SISST for Brazilian Portuguese.CONTEXTO: O Social Interaction Self-Statement Test (SISST) apresenta como proposta avaliar respostas cognitivas em adultos que referem dificuldades heterossociais. Sua adaptação transcultural apresenta-se como primeiro passo para futuras comparações relativas ao construto medido pelo instrumento em diferentes amostras. OBJETIVO: Adaptação semântica do SISST para o português brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Processo realizado por meio de duas traduções e retrotraduções, elaboradas por avaliadores independentes e sem conhecimentos prévios da escala a ser traduzida. Elaboração de versão sintética realizada conjuntamente por dois diferentes especialistas, bilíngues, em saúde mental. RESULTADOS: São apresentadas as quatro etapas do processo. A utilização de duas traduções e retrotraduções permitiu uma discussão mais ampla para construção da versão sintética. A participação de especialistas em saúde mental colaborou para a adequação dos termos utilizados em relação ao construto medido. A aplicação experimental ofereceu maior segurança ao processo de equivalência semântica. CONCLUSÃO: Por meio da metodologia utilizada, foi possível elaborar uma versão do SISST para o português brasileiro

Comparison between cognitive, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches in the treatment of panic disorder

BACKGROUND: Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most studied psychotherapeutic modality in panic disorder (PD) and has demonstrated, in the most different experimental studies, to be sufficiently efficient when compared with control groups, psychopharmacological treatments and other forms of unstructured psychotherapies. Literature on the cognitivebehavioral treatment of PD contemplates comparisons between the most used techniques. OBJECTIVES: Revise the literature that compares the effectiveness of the cognitive, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches of PD, detaching the referring limitations to these psychological treatments and the applied research methodologies. METHODS: Literature systematic review, mainly revised in PubMed database. RESULTS: The effectiveness of the cognitive and behavioral interventions and its combination were equalized and hypotheses to this respect have been raised. DISCUSSION: We should attempt to improve important methodological aspects aiming at results even more trustworthy, pointing out directions to contribute to the refinement of the used techniques.CONTEXTO: A terapia cognitivo-comportamental é a modalidade psicoterapêutica mais estudada no transtorno de pânico (TP) e demonstrou, nos mais diferentes estudos experimentais, ser bastante eficaz, inclusive quando comparada a grupos-controle, tratamentos psicofarmacológicos e outras formas de psicoterapias não estruturadas. A literatura sobre o tratamento cognitivo-comportamental do TP contempla comparações entre as técnicas mais utilizadas nesse tipo de psicoterapia. OBJETIVOS: Revisar a literatura que compara a eficácia dos enfoques cognitivo, comportamental e cognitivo-comportamental do TP e que destaca as limitações referentes a esses tratamentos psicológicos e às metodologias de pesquisa aplicadas. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática da literatura, principalmente por meio da base de dados PubMed. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que, na maioria dos estudos, a eficácia das intervenções cognitiva, comportamental e de sua combinação equiparou-se e hipóteses a esse respeito foram levantadas. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se atentar para o aprimoramento de importantes aspectos metodológicos, visando a resultados cada vez mais fidedignos que possam apontar direcionamentos que contribuam para o refinamento das técnicas utilizadas

Terapia cognitivo-comportamental para luto pela morte súbita de cônjuge

INTRODUCTION: The mourning due to the sudden death of a spouse has special features that should be considered in therapy process of those who undergo this experience. METHODS: Case work of grief therapy using a cognitive-behavioral protocol. The progress of the patient was assessed at the beginning and end of treatment with BDI, BAI, BHS, ISSL and GHQ. RESULTS: There was reduction in depression, anxiety and hopelessness. Regarding stress, the patient, that was in the stage of exhaustion passed to resistance. Reduction of psychological stress (95% to 50%), distrust about their own performance (90% to 40%), sleep disturbances (95% to 45%), death wish (95% to 20%) and also of psychosomatic disorders (95% to 60%). DISCUSSION: The therapeutic protocol through the focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective for that specific type of mourning.INTRODUÇÃO: O processo de luto devido à morte súbita de cônjuge apresenta particularidades que devem ser consideradas no atendimento clínico daqueles que passam por essa experiência. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caso de terapia para luto utilizando protocolo de atendimento cognitivista comportamental. O progresso da paciente foi avaliado no início e término do tratamento com Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI), Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) e Escala Beck de Desesperança (BHS), Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL) e Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG). RESULTADOS: Houve redução da depressão, ansiedade e desesperança. Em relação ao estresse, a paciente passou da fase de exaustão para a de resistência. Houve redução do estresse psíquico (de 95% para 50%), da desconfiança em relação ao próprio desempenho (de 90% para 40%), de distúrbios do sono (de 95% para 45%), de desejo de morte (de 95% para 20%) e também de distúrbios psicossomáticos (de 95% para 60%). CONCLUSÃO: O atendimento terapêutico para esse tipo específico de luto mediante o enfoque da terapia cognitivo-comportamental se mostrou eficaz

Terapia cognitivista-comportamental para perda gestacional: resultados da utilização de um protocolo terapêutico para luto

BACKGROUND: The grieving process due to a fetal loss has several features which should be considered in the clinical care of patients going through a miscarriage experience. Bereaved patients present greater demands for medical assistance, number of hospitalizations and are more vulnerable to psychosomatic problems than the general population. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to present a case report of miscarriage grief treated with a cognitive behavioral therapy protocol. METHOD: The therapy was composed by 12 sessions and the protocol involves the development of strategies to deal with the main somatic complaints, learning of new abilities, approach to cognitive and emotional alterations and training to handle behavioral problems. Results were evaluated by Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Goldberg's General Health Questionnnaire (GGHQ). RESULTS: Patient presented reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Hopelessness also decreased. All the GGHQ factors presented reduction, with a marked decline in "desire of death" and "psychosomatic disorders". It was also noted an improvement in sleep quality. DISCUSSION: The treatment showed itself effective in relation to the factors presented, apart from collaborating for a better quality of life and facilitating the social reinsertion of the patient.INTRODUÇÃO: O processo de luto devido à perda gestacional apresenta várias particularidades que devem ser consideradas no atendimento clínico daqueles que passam por uma experiência de aborto. Pacientes enlutados apresentam maior procura por assistência médica e número de hospitalizações e são mais vulneráveis a problemas psicossomáticos que a população geral. OBJETIVO: Apresentar um caso de tratamento de luto, decorrente de perda gestacional, com protocolo cognitivista comportamental. MÉTODO: O processo terapêutico foi composto por 12 sessões e o protocolo envolvia desenvolvimento de estratégias para lidar com as principais queixas somáticas, aprendizagem de novas habilidades, trabalho das alterações emocionais e cognitivas e treinamento para manejo dos problemas comportamentais. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio das escalas: Inventário Beck de Depressão, Inventário Beck de Ansiedade, Escala Beck de Desesperança e Questionário de Saúde Geral de Goldberg (QSG). RESULTADOS: O paciente apresentou redução nos sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, assim como em desesperança. Todos os fatores do QSG apresentaram redução, com forte declínio em "desejabilidade de morte" e "desordens psicossomáticas". Também foi notada melhora na qualidade de sono. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento se mostrou efetivo em relação aos fatores apresentados, além de colaborar para melhor qualidade de vida e facilitação da reinserção social do paciente