Paz, conflictos y su resolución en la Edad Media. Dimensiones, manifestaciones y ejemplos en la vida cotidiana.

La historiografía relegó a un segundo plano el valor que ha tenido la paz a lo largo de los tiempos en aras del estudio de todo lo que concierne al conflicto. Por ello, planteamos en estas páginas una definición pormenorizada de este concepto mediante una búsqueda de sus manifestaciones y su cabida en los diversos ámbitos de la vida cotidiana medieval. Precisamente, este periodo ha sido considerado en muchas ocasiones como aquel en el que se registraron las mayores cotas de violencia. A su vez, hemos focalizado gran parte del análisis en las formas en las que se manifestaba la paz y a una amplia casuística de relaciones intrafamiliares que se desarrollaron durante las centurias bajomedievales en el territorio del antiguo reino de Aragón.<br /

Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators

This work was supported by Research by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and grants from the Spanish government (PID2020-116222GB-100 and CGL2015-63827) and the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Business and University (PREDOC_00336). Funding for open access publishing: Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CBUARed-flowered species have traditionally been related to ornithophily, and the "bee avoidance" hypothesis, that is, red flower colouration is a way to reduce visits from hymenopterans, has been proposed to explain this association. In the Mediterranean Basin, ornithophily is almost absent, and hymenopterans are the most common group of pollinators. The fact that hymenopterans are virtually red-blind raises the question of how red-flowered species are pollinated in this region. Are these flowers pollinated by other groups of red-sensitive insects such as lepidopterans and coleopterans, or do they have visual cues that make them attractive to hymenopterans? We examined the reflectance spectra of 51 red-flowered species from the Mediterranean Basin and modelled these spectra in the visual system of hymenopterans, dipterans, coleopterans and lepidopterans to obtain colour and conspicuousness. According to their reflectance curves, species were classified as pure red and UV-red flowers, and the presence of more than one flower colour (patterned flowers) was studied. We evaluated the match between flower reflectance spectra and the maximum discrimination abilities of hymenopteran and lepidopteran visual system. All these metrics were analysed in a phylogenetically explicit framework, and a literature review of potential pollinators was performed. The vast majority of red-flowered species in the Mediterranean Basin are potentially pollinated by hymenopterans, and only three species are exclusively visited by coleopterans. We found that 90% of these species showed at least one colour signal strategy that helps to enhance conspicuousness to hymenopterans: to produce UV-red flower type spectra and/or patterned flowers. The UV-red colour showed a significant phylogenetic signal, but the presence of patterned flowers did not. Even though the red-flowered species of the Mediterranean Basin did not optimally match the colour vision of hymenopterans or lepidopterans, the presence of patterned and UV-red colours suggests an improvement in detection and discrimination by hymenopterans. The bee-avoidance hypothesis seems to be ruled out for the red-flowered species of the Mediterranean Basin. Our results suggest that red-flowered species are mostly pollinated by hymenopterans and show different flower colour signal strategies that can be interpreted as signs of adaptation to these pollinators.Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímic

Educación en «buenas costumbres» de los caballeros en la Europa de la Baja Edad Media.

El presente trabajo tiene como objeto presentar, a grandes rasgos, la educación que recibieron durante la Baja Edad Media los caballeros basada en la toma de «buenas costumbres». La responsabilidad social que le fue otorgada a este grupo necesitó de una cautelosa educación en ciertos valores obtenidos a raíz de un sofisticado proceso educativo. Por tanto, se abordan temas como el recorrido vital de los caballeros junto con el valor que se le dio a la experiencia y las principales actitudes, tanto positivas como negativas, en los ámbitos en lo que desarrollaba su vida: religioso, social, económico y político-guerrero. Este trabajo ha sido realizado con fuentes primarias y secundarias para analizar sucintamente los aspectos teóricos en los que fue educado el caballero. Es un tema en el que aún se debe profundizar, aunque ya despuntan algunas obras de referencia.<br /

The role of phenotypic plasticity in shaping ecological networks

Plasticity-mediated changes in interaction dynamics and structure may scale up and affect the ecological network in which the plastic species are embedded. Despite their potential relevance for understanding the effects of plasticity on ecological communities, these effects have seldom been analysed. We argue here that, by boosting the magnitude of intra-individual phenotypic variation, plasticity may have three possible direct effects on the interactions that the plastic species maintains with other species in the community: may expand the interaction niche, may cause a shift from one interaction niche to another or may even cause the colonization of a new niche. The combined action of these three factors can scale to the community level and eventually expresses itself as a modification in the topology and functionality of the entire ecological network. We propose that this causal pathway can be more widespread than previously thought and may explain how interaction niches evolve quickly in response to rapid changes in environmental conditions. The implication of this idea is not solely eco-evolutionary but may also help to understand how ecological interactions rewire and evolve in response to global changeJunta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: P18-FR- 3641Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and UniversitiesGrant/Award Number: PID2020-116222GB- 100PID2021-126456N

Phenotypic plasticity guides Moricandia arvensis divergence and convergence across the Brassicaceae floral morphospace

Authors thank Raquel Sánchez, Angel Caravantes, Isabel Sánchez Almazo, María José Jorquera, and Iván Rodríguez Arós for helping us during several phases of the study. We also thank all contributors to the pollinator database (Table  S1 ) for kindly sending us unpublished information on Brassicaceae floral visitors. This research is supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (CGL2015‐63827‐P, CGL2017‐86626‐C2‐1‐P, CGL2017‐86626‐C2‐2‐P, UNGR15‐CE‐3315), Junta de Andalucía (P18‐FR‐3641, IE19_238 EEZA CSIC), LIFE18 GIE/IT/000755, and Xunta de Galicia (CITACA), including EU FEDER funds. This is a contribution to the Research Unit Modeling Nature, funded by the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), reference SOMM17/6109/UGR.Many flowers exhibit phenotypic plasticity. By inducing the production of several phenotypes, plasticity may favour the rapid exploration of different regions of the floral morphospace. We investigated how plasticity drives Moricandia arvensis, a species displaying within-individual floral polyphenism, across the floral morphospace of the entire Brassicaceae family. We compiled the multidimensional floral phenotype, the phylogenetic relationships, and the pollination niche of over 3000 species to construct a family-wide floral morphospace. We assessed the disparity between the two M. arvensis floral morphs (as the distance between the phenotypic spaces occupied by each morph) and compared it with the family-wide disparity. We measured floral divergence by comparing disparity with the most common ancestor, and estimated the convergence of each floral morph with other species belonging to the same pollination niches. Moricandia arvensis exhibits a plasticity-mediated floral disparity greater than that found between species, genera and tribes. The novel phenotype of M. arvensis moves outside the region occupied by its ancestors and relatives, crosses into a new region where it encounters a different pollination niche, and converges with distant Brassicaceae lineages. Our study suggests that phenotypic plasticity favours floral divergence and rapid appearance of convergent flowers, a process which facilitates the evolution of generalist pollination systems.CITACAConsejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y UniversidadMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades UNGR15‐CE‐3315European Regional Development FundXunta de GaliciaJunta de Andalucía IE19_238 EEZA CSIC, LIFE18 GIE/IT/00075