Occurrence and distribution of black pod rot of Cocoa (Theobromae cocoa L.) in southern transition zone of Karnataka

Straminipile genus Phytophthora cause significant disease losses to global cocoa production. Phytopthtora palmivora is one of the major constraints in cocoa production causes significant pod losses. P. palmivora has a complex disease cycle involving several sources of primary inoculum and several modes of dissemination of secondary inoculum. This results in explosive epidemics during favorable environmental conditions. Highest severity of Seedling blight was observed in raised bed nurseries as compared to poly bag nurseries in Shivamogga district (59.26%) followed by Chikkamagluru (53.85%) of the state Karnataka , respectively. Further, the highest incidence of 72.00, 70.83 and 70.00% of black pod rot disease was recorded in Udupi, Dakshina Kannada and Shivamogga district followed by Chikkamagaluru (65.22%), Kodagu (64.00%) and Davanagere (55.56%) district respectively. Due to continuous rain fall or high moisture conditions and the crop was grown as intercrop with arecanut is vulnerable for the attack of pathogen due to the presence of pathogenic variability

Master Plan of Water Distribution System for Srinagar and Hanumanth Nagar Wards - using EPANET

Every metropolitan city requires a master plan which provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development of the city. One of the reasons for water crisis in developing countries is due to inefficient and wasteful water management systems. In this research paper EPANET is used to build the water network model, optimize it, compute head-loss, velocity of flow in each node and flow in each pipe in the water distribution. It can be used to consider and understand the growth of the demand of city with the design period of 30 years. The above knowledge is used to identify the risks related to the growth and to suggest measures to overcome these risks. The design of new model will make the respective authorities aware of the new challenges arising from changing demands

C—halogen⋯π dimer and C—H⋯π interactions in 1-(2-bromo-4,5-di­meth­­oxy­benzyl)-2-butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehyde and 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-(6-methyl-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehyde

The structures of the title compounds, C17H20BrClN2O3, (I), and C17H19ClN2O3, (II), are stabilized by intramolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions. The stability of the molecular packing in (I) and (II) arises from a diverse set of weak intermolecular C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and C—halogen⋯π interactions. In the crystal structure of (I), mol­ecules aggregate in dimeric subunits via C—Br⋯π interactions. The dimers are interlinked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The halogens cluster together and form a channel along the b axis. In (II), the packing is mainly governed by intermolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions

Pitfalls in machine learning-based assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a report of the international immuno-oncology biomarker working group

The clinical significance of the tumor-immune interaction in breast cancer is now established, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for patients with triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2-negative) breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer. How computational assessments of TILs might complement manual TIL assessment in trial and daily practices is currently debated. Recent efforts to use machine learning (ML) to automatically evaluate TILs have shown promising results. We review state-of-the-art approaches and identify pitfalls and challenges of automated TIL evaluation by studying the root cause of ML discordances in comparison to manual TIL quantification. We categorize our findings into four main topics: (1) technical slide issues, (2) ML and image analysis aspects, (3) data challenges, and (4) validation issues. The main reason for discordant assessments is the inclusion of false-positive areas or cells identified by performance on certain tissue patterns or design choices in the computational implementation. To aid the adoption of ML for TIL assessment, we provide an in-depth discussion of ML and image analysis, including validation issues that need to be considered before reliable computational reporting of TILs can be incorporated into the trial and routine clinical management of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland

Evaluation of rice landraces against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola

Not AvailableOf late, rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has become a serious menace in all type of rice situations in India. A field study was under taken during kharif-2013 to evaluate 135 landraces (local cultivars) collected and maintained at Organic Farming Research centre of ZAHRS, Navile, Shimoga against Meloidogyne graminicola. The result reveals that the varieties show varying degrees of responses. Out of 135 cultivars, 32 cultivars were found to be highly resistant, while, 45 varieties read were resistant. However, 40 varieties were evaluated to be moderately resistant and nine varieties susceptible. The remaining nine cultivars were learnt to be highly susceptibleNot Availabl

Incidence of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in black pepper in Karnataka

Not AvailableBlack pepper (Piper nigrum L.) known as “King of Spices” is one of the important spice crops of India. It is affected by fungi, bacteria, phytoplasma, plant parasitic nematodes and phanerogamic parasites. Among plant parasitic nematodes, root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is one of the important limiting factors in production and productivity of black pepper in various districts of Karnataka. Further, it is involved in creating disease complexes along with fungi apart from inflicting the disease on its own. Keeping this in mind, an extensive survey in major black pepper growing districts of Karnataka namely: Shimoga, Udupi, Chickmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and Kodagu revealed the heavy incidence of root-knot nematode in all the major black pepper growing areas. The maximum mean RKI (3.52) was observed in Udupi district followed by Shimoga (3.58) and least mean RKI was observed in Kodagu district (2.73). Further in all the districts, fungal nematode associations were observed leading to slow wilt complex.Not Availabl

Simulation of unsteady flow past tapered circular cylinders using an immersed boundary method

Three-dimensional numerical calculations of laminar vortex shedding behind a linearly tapered circular cylinder with taper ratio 75:1 have been carried out at a Reynolds number 131 (based on the large diameter and the uniform inflow velocity) using a Finite Volume code. Computations were performed on a staggered-Cartesian grid and a direct forcing Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) was used to transform the boundary condition at the solid surface into internal boundary conditions at the nodes of the Cartesian grid. Results showed a pattern of discrete oblique shedding cells, which included both vortex dislocation and vortex splitting. The local Strouhal number versus local Reynolds number curve showed excellent qualitative agreement with the experimental results reported by Piccirillo and Van Atta in 1993. However, quantitative deviations exist between the two techniques. Numerical noise (oscillations) was observed along the span in the steady flow calculation with Reynolds number 40, the reason for which has to be further investigated. The overall computational performance of the IBM proved to be very promising when compared to the boundary fitted or unstructured grid solvers

The crystal structure of (RS)-7-chloro-2-(2,5-di­meth­­oxy­phen­yl)-2,3-di­hydro­quinazolin-4(1H)-one: two hydrogen bonds generate an elegant three-dimensional framework structure

In the title compound, C61H15ClN2O3, the heterocyclic ring adopts an envelope conformation, folded across the N⋯N line, with the 2,5-di­meth­oxy­phenyl unit occupying a quasi-axial site. There are two N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds in the structure: one hydrogen bond links mol­ecules related by a 41 screw axis to form a C(6) chain, and the other links inversion-related pairs of mol­ecules to form an R22(8) ring. The ring motif links all of the chains into a continuous three-dimensional framework structure. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds

4-Methoxy-3-methylbenzophenone

The molecule of the title compound, C\sb 15H\sb 14O\sb 2, is non-planar and the planes of the benzene rings inter\-sect at an angle of 59.8(1)\circ. The crystal structure exhibits a significant short inter\-molecular π—π contact

Easy access for the synthesis of 2-aryl 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones using gem-dibromomethylarenes as synthetic aldehyde equivalent

One step synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones from gem-dibromomethylarenes using 2-aminobenzamide is described. Gem-dibromomethylarenes are used as aldehyde equivalent for the efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones, this synthesis takes shorter reaction time with quick isolation and excellent product yield