Effect of Heat Stress on Milk Production and Composition in Murrah Buffaloes

Temperature humidity index (THI) is widely used to assess the effect of temperature and relative humidity on performance in animals. In summer the THI was between 74 - 89 with average value of 81.18. in winter months THI ranged between 49 -70 with the average of 60. The results showed a significant effect of heat stress on daily milk yield and milk composition. In the present study the daily milk yield decreases from 4.46 to 3.65kg, heat stress reduced milk yield by 18.2%. There was a significant effect of heat stress on milk composition. Heat stress significantly reduced milk fat content from 8.3% during the winter to 7.19% during the summer. Milk protein percentage significantly decreased as a result of summer heat stress (3.08 vs.2.9 %, respectively for the winter and summer). In the present study the SNF decreases from 9.08 to 9.05 %, heat stress reduced SNF % as the THI value went from > 74 to  83 in summer. Results showed that milk production is a function of THI. The negative slope of regression line indicates that milk production fat%, protein% and SNF% decreases as THI increases. This regression indicates that in general for each point increase in THI value. There was decrease in milk yield of 0.028kg per buffalo per day. Heat stress environments have been associated with depression in milk fat%, protein% and SNF%. There was decrease in milk fat of 0.046% per buffalo per day. There was also decrease in milk protein of 0.00014 % per buffalo per day. The decrease in milk SNF of 0.0047 % per buffalo per day

Effect of Year, Season and Parity on Milk Production Traits in Murrah Buffaloes

Effects of year, season and parity on total lactation milk yield (TLMY), 305 day milk yield (305d MY) and average fat percentage for Murrah buffaloes maintained at dairy farm under GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, during 2004-2008 were evaluated. Averaged TLMY, 305d MY and Fat percentage were 2191.8± 93.7 kg, 2091.1±87.06 kg and 7.12±0.11%. TLMY was found to be significantly affected by season (P<0.05) but not by year and parity. The highest milk yield was obtained in animals calving in winter followed by rainy and summer. Milk yield of buffaloes in winter was significantly higher than that of animals in summer (P<0.05). The TLMY increased over the years with highest milk yield in the year 2006 (2345.1±99.32kg). There was no consistent increase or decrease with the advance in years there on which may be due to the environmental variation in different years. TLMY was found lower in first parity and highest in fifth parity thereof decreasing (P<0.05). Similar results were obtained for 305d MY, where only the season was found significant (P<0.05). The average fat percentage was significantly affected by year and season (p<0.05). Milk fat percentage of buffaloes calved in winter was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the animals calved in summer. Similarly the fat percentage varied significantly among the parities with no consistent increase over the advancement of the parities

Neuroprotective Effects of Marine Algae

The marine environment is known as a rich source of chemical structures with numerous beneficial health effects. Among marine organisms, marine algae have been identified as an under-exploited plant resource, although they have long been recognized as valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Presently, several lines of studies have provided insight into biological activities and neuroprotective effects of marine algae including antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, cholinesterase inhibitory activity and the inhibition of neuronal death. Hence, marine algae have great potential to be used for neuroprotection as part of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and functional foods. This contribution presents an overview of marine algal neuroprotective effects and their potential application in neuroprotection

Infant feeding tube is better option of dj stent for uncomplicated urs: our experience

To determine the role of infant feeding tube (IFT) as a better alternative to DJ stent after uncomplicated ureteroscopic removal of stone. Between March 2008 to March 2016 a retrospective study was done in 1000 patients with a stone in ureter that underwent surgery, patient divided in 2 groups, group I included 500 patients who were inserted infant feeding tube after URS, and group II consisted 500 patients who received DJ stent after URS. We removed infant feeding tube within 24 hours and DJ stent after 10 days. Outcome of all patients were analyzed. Result: 480 patients withstand the IFT well, 4 patients i.e. 1.6 % (3 females, 1 male) complained of pain in flank, for that DJ stenting was done. While 342 (68.4%) patients with DJ stent returned with irritative symptoms, pain abdomen (25), fever (68), hematuria (12), migration of stent (2), incontinence (4). Conclusion: Patients with IFT after URS develop no stent related complications as seen with DJ stent, they are much better tolerable

Nanoparticles synthesis via microorganisms and their prospective applications in agriculture

Nanotechnology is a technology, sparking a real revolution in all branches of science. Due to its distinctive features at the nanoscale (less than 100 nm), nanotechnology refers to as the usage of nanomaterials in monitoring of numerous compounds inside the diverse fields. By taking the advantage of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes, microalgae, etc. in order to produce nanoparticles is a swift and green biological method compared to alternative methods (physical and chemical). The review article extensively covers the latest progress for the production of various nanoparticles such as copper, gold, silver, as well as other metal nanoparticles, as well as oxide and sulfide nanoparticles by the microorganisms along with their characterization methods. In the next section we have covered all the agricultural applications which can be done using nanoparticles to increase crop output, diminish the consumption of pesticides and to attain food security. Nanoparticles have enormous applications in the agriculture sector in crop improvement, crop protection via nanoherbicides, nanofungicides, antimicrobial activities against phytopathogens etc. However, the interaction of the nanoparticles with nutrients that are vital for plants and other substances can influence the toxicity of the nanoparticles. So, there is a need to have comprehensive research on various aspects i.e., nanoparticle shape, concentration, exposure time, environmental factors etc. before the commercialization of nanoparticles

Interactions between serum urate-associated genetic variants and sex on gout risk: analysis of the UK Biobank

Abstract Background Sex-specific differences in the effect of genetic variants on serum urate levels have been described. The aim of this study was to systematically examine whether serum urate-associated genetic variants differ in their influence on gout risk in men and women. Methods This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource. Thirty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum urate were tested for their association with gout in men and women of European ancestry, aged 40–69 years. Gene-sex interactions for gout risk were analysed using an interaction analysis in logistic regression models. Results Gout was present in 6768 (4.1%) men and 574 (0.3%) women, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for men 13.42 (12.32–14.62) compared with women. In men, experiment-wide association with gout was observed for 21 of the 30 serum urate-associated SNPs tested, and in women for three of the 30 SNPs. Evidence for gene-sex interaction was observed for ABCG2 (rs2231142) and PDZK1 (rs1471633), with the interaction in ABCG2 driven by an amplified effect in men and in PDZK1 by an absence of effect in women. Similar findings were observed in a sensitivity analysis which excluded pre-menopausal women. For the other SNPs tested, no significant gene-sex interactions were observed. Conclusions In a large population of European ancestry, ABCG2 and PDZK1 gene-sex interactions exist for gout risk, with the serum urate-raising alleles exerting a greater influence on gout risk in men than in women. In contrast, other serum urate-associated genetic variants do not demonstrate significant gene-sex interactions for gout risk

FB-BAL results from the 15 patients in whom positive cultures would have been missed if the right middle lobe had been sampled alone.

<p>RUL: right upper lobe, RML: right middle lobe, RLL: right lower lobe, LUL: left upper lobe, LLL: left lower lobe, CA: <i>Candida albicans,</i> GNB: Gram-negative bacillus, HI: <i>Haemophilus influenza,</i> HP: <i>Haemophilus parainfluenzae,</i> MC: <i>Moraxella catarrhalis,</i> SA, <i>Staphylococcal aureus</i>; SP, <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>.</p><p>FB-BAL results from the 15 patients in whom positive cultures would have been missed if the right middle lobe had been sampled alone.</p