Defining the latent phase of labour: is it important?

Background and rationale. The latent phase of labour is recognised as a period of uncertainty for women and midwives. There is evidence from the literature of considerable variation in labour definitions and practice. Stimulated by discussion at an international maternity research conference, the authors set out to explore opinions regarding the need for labour-stage definitions.  Aim. To identify health professionals’ views on the need for a definition of the onset and the end of the latent phase of labour.  Methods. This was an opportunistic, semi-structured, online survey of attendees at a maternity care research conference, which included midwives, other clinicians, academics, advocates and user representatives. Attendees (approximately 100) were invited to participate through a single email invitation sent by the conference committee and containing a link to the survey. Consent was sought on the landing page. Ethical approval was obtained from Bournemouth University’s research ethics committee. Quantitative questions were analysed using simple descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24. Open questions were analysed using content analysis and where participants gave a more detailed answer, these were analysed using a thematic approach.  Findings. Participants in the survey (n=21) came from 12 countries. Most of the participants thought that there was a need to define the onset of the latent phase (n=15, 71%). Common characteristics were cited, but the main theme in the open comments referred to the importance of women’s perceptions of labour onset. Most participants (n = 18, 86%) thought that there was a need to define the end of the latent phase. This was felt necessary because current practice within facilities is usually dictated by a definition. The characteristics suggested were also not unexpected and there was some consensus; but the degree of cervical dilatation that signified the end of the latent phase varied among participants. There was significant debate about whether a prolonged latent phase was important; for example, was it associated with adverse consequences. Most participants thought it was important (n=15, 71%), but comments indicated that the reasons for this were complex. Themes included the value that women attached to knowing the duration of labour and the need to support women in the latent phase.  Implications for practice. The findings from this small, opportunistic survey reflect the current debate within the maternal health community regarding the latent phase of labour. There is a need for more clarity around latent phase labour (in terms of both the definition and the support offered) if midwives are to provide care that is both woman centred and evidence-based. The findings will inform the development of a larger survey to explore attitudes towards labour definitions

フクシ キョウイク キャンプ ジッシュウ ゼンゴ ノ ガクセイ ノ キブン プロフィール ノ ヘンカ

本研究では、福祉教育キャンプ実習参加学生82名(男子学生51名、女子学生31名、平均年齢18.8 ± 0.2歳)を対象に、キャンプ実習体験が学生の気分・感情にどのような影響を及ぼすのかProfile of Mood States(POMS調査)を用いて検討した。実習前のPOMS得点は、男子学生および女子学生ともに陰性因子である「抑うつ」得点が一番高い値を示した。実習後の「活気」得点は実習前より高い値を示し有意差が認められた。実習前の5つの陰性気分の得点は、実習後有意に低下した。TMD得点は、男子学生および女子学生ともに実習前より実習後に低下し有意差が認められた。実習後のキャンプ効果得点は、男子学生および女子学生ともに「楽しさ」、「気分がよい」、「満足感」、「達成感」、「精神的疲労」、「睡眠」および「食事」の各得点が高い値を示した。これらの結果から、福祉教育キャンプ実習は、学生の陰性感情を低下させ陽性感情を高揚させる効果のあることが示唆された。The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of welfare education camp on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) in undergraduate students (51 males, 31 females, 18.8 ± 0.2 years of age). In the pre-camp practice, the depression-dejection score of the male and female students were the highest value. The vigor score in the post-camp practice was higher than that in the pre-camp practice. The other negative mood scores in the pre-camp practice were significantly low in the post-camp practice. The total mood disturbance score in the post-camp practice was significantly lower than that in the pre-camp practice. The camp scores of the post-camp practice indicated a high value in enjoyable, comfortable, satisfaction, sense of achievement, mental fatigue, sleeping and diet meal. These results suggest that welfare education camp effectively decreased negative mood score and increased positive mood score in the undergraduate students

Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection for the highly sensitive determination of fluorescence-labeled chlorpheniramine with Suzuki coupling reaction.

A sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography-peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of chlorpheniramine (CPA) and monodesmethyl chlorpheniramine (MDCPA) in human serum. The method combines fluorescent labeling with 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)phenyl boronic acid using Suzuki coupling reaction with PO-CL detection. CPA and MDCPA were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane. Excess labeling reagent, which interfered with trace level determination of analytes, was removed by solid-phase extraction using a C18 cartridge. Separation of derivatives of both analytes was achieved isocratically on a silica column with a mixture of acetonitrile and 60 mM imidazole-HNO(3) buffer (pH 7.2; 85:15, v/v) containing 0.015% triethylamine. The proposed method exhibited a good linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for CPA and MDCPA within the concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.14 and 0.16 ng/mL for CPA and MDCPA, respectively. Using the proposed method, CPA could be selectively determined in human serum after oral administration

Spin-Crossover Hysteresis of [FeII(LHiPr)2(NCS)2] (LHiPr = N-2-Pyridylmethylene-4-Isopropylaniline) Accompanied by Isopropyl Conformation Isomerism

[FeII(LHiPr)2(NCS)2] (LHiPr = N-2-pyridylmethylene-4-isopropylaniline) showed an abrupt spin-crossover (SCO) at T1/2↓ = 154 K on cooling and at T1/2↑ = 167 K on heating. The thermal hysteresis with a width of 13 K is related with the structural solid-state phase transition. The space group was unchanged as P21/n with Z = 8, and there are two crystallographically independent molecules in a unit cell at 130 and 180 K. The two iron (II) sites synchronously underwent the SCO. The most drastic structural change across the SCO was found in the conformation isomerization of an isopropyl group. Namely, rotation around the C(sp2)–C(sp3) bond by ca. 120° takes place during the SCO. There is no structural disorder in the high-temperature phase. The thermal hysteresis probably originates in the bulk isomerization requiring considerable activation energy in the crystalline solid

Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Acetato- and Diphenolato-Bridged 3d–4f Binuclear Complexes [M(3-MeOsaltn)(MeOH)_<i>x</i>(ac)­Ln(hfac)₂] (M = Zn^II, Cu^II, Ni^II, Co^II; Ln = La^III, Gd^III, Tb^III, Dy^III; 3‑MeOsaltn = <i>N,N</i>′‑Bis(3-methoxy-2-oxybenzylidene)-1,3-propanediaminato; ac = Acetato; hfac = Hexafluoroacetylacetonato; <i>x</i> = 0 or 1)

A series of 3d–4f binuclear complexes, [M­(3-MeOsaltn)­(MeOH)_<i>x</i>(ac)­Ln­(hfac)₂] (<i>x</i> = 0 for M = Cu^II, Zn^II; <i>x</i> = 1 for M = Co^II, Ni^II; Ln = Gd^III, Tb^III, Dy^III, La^III), have been synthesized and characterized, where 3-MeOsaltn, ac, and hfac denote <i>N,N</i>′-bis­(3-methoxy-2-oxybenzylidene)-1,3-propanediaminato, acetato, and hexafluoroacetylacetonato, respectively. The X-ray analyses demonstrated that all the complexes have an acetato- and diphenolato-bridged M^II–Ln^III binuclear structure. The Cu^II–Ln^III and Zn^II–Ln^III complexes are crystallized in an isomorphous triclinic space group <i>P</i>1̅, where the Cu^II or Zn^II ion has square pyramidal coordination geometry with N₂O₂ donor atoms of 3-MeOsaltn at the equatorial coordination sites and one oxygen atom of the bridging acetato ion at the axial site. The Co^II–Ln^III and Ni^II–Ln^III complexes are crystallized in an isomorphous monoclinic space group <i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>, where the Co^II or Ni^II ion at the high-spin state has an octahedral coordination environment with N₂O₂ donor atoms of 3-MeOsaltn at the equatorial sites, and one oxygen atom of the bridged acetato and a methanol oxygen atom at the two axial sites. Each Ln^III ion for all the complexes is coordinated by four oxygen atoms of two phenolato and two methoxy oxygen atoms of “ligand-complex” M­(3-MeOsaltn), four oxygen atoms of two hfac^–, and one oxygen atom of the bridging acetato ion; thus, the coordination number is nine. The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibilities from 1.9 to 300 K and the field-dependent magnetization up to 5 T at 1.9 K were measured. Due to the important orbital contributions of the Ln^III (Tb^III, Dy^III) and to a lesser extent the M^II (Ni^II, Co^II) components, the magnetic interaction between M^II and Ln^III ions were investigated by an empirical approach based on a comparison of the magnetic properties of the M^II–Ln^III, Zn^II–Ln^III, and M^II–La^III complexes. The differences of χ_M<i>T</i> and <i>M</i>(<i>H</i>) values for the M^II–Ln^III, Zn^II–Ln^III and those for the M^II–La^III complexes, that is, Δ­(<i>T</i>) = (χ_M<i>T</i>)_MLn – (χ_M<i>T</i>)_ZnLn – (χ_M<i>T</i>)_MLa = <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>T</i>) and Δ­(<i>H</i>) = <i>M</i>_MLn(<i>H</i>) – <i>M</i>_ZnLn(<i>H</i>) – <i>M</i>_MLa(<i>H</i>) = <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>H</i>), give the information of 3d–4f magnetic interaction. The magnetic interactions are ferromagnetic if M^II = (Cu^II, Ni^II, and Co^II) and Ln = (Gd^III, Tb^III, and Dy^III). The magnitudes of the ferromagnetic interaction, <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>T</i>) and <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>H</i>), are in the order Cu^II–Gd^III > Cu^II–Dy^III > Cu^II–Tb^III, while those are in the order of M^II–Gd^III ≈ M^II–Tb^III > M^II–Dy^III for M^II = Ni^II and Co^II. Alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements demonstrated that the Ni^II–Tb^III and Co^II–Tb^III complexes showed out-of-phase signal with frequency-dependence and the Ni^II–Dy^III and Co^II–Dy^III complexes showed small frequency-dependence. The energy barrier for the spin flipping was estimated from the Arrhenius plot to be 14.9(6) and 17.0(4) K for the Ni^II–Tb^III and Co^II–Tb^III complexes, respectively, under a dc bias field of 1000 Oe

Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Acetato- and Diphenolato-Bridged 3d–4f Binuclear Complexes [M(3-MeOsaltn)(MeOH)_<i>x</i>(ac)­Ln(hfac)₂] (M = Zn^II, Cu^II, Ni^II, Co^II; Ln = La^III, Gd^III, Tb^III, Dy^III; 3‑MeOsaltn = <i>N,N</i>′‑Bis(3-methoxy-2-oxybenzylidene)-1,3-propanediaminato; ac = Acetato; hfac = Hexafluoroacetylacetonato; <i>x</i> = 0 or 1)

A series of 3d–4f binuclear complexes, [M­(3-MeOsaltn)­(MeOH)_<i>x</i>(ac)­Ln­(hfac)₂] (<i>x</i> = 0 for M = Cu^II, Zn^II; <i>x</i> = 1 for M = Co^II, Ni^II; Ln = Gd^III, Tb^III, Dy^III, La^III), have been synthesized and characterized, where 3-MeOsaltn, ac, and hfac denote <i>N,N</i>′-bis­(3-methoxy-2-oxybenzylidene)-1,3-propanediaminato, acetato, and hexafluoroacetylacetonato, respectively. The X-ray analyses demonstrated that all the complexes have an acetato- and diphenolato-bridged M^II–Ln^III binuclear structure. The Cu^II–Ln^III and Zn^II–Ln^III complexes are crystallized in an isomorphous triclinic space group <i>P</i>1̅, where the Cu^II or Zn^II ion has square pyramidal coordination geometry with N₂O₂ donor atoms of 3-MeOsaltn at the equatorial coordination sites and one oxygen atom of the bridging acetato ion at the axial site. The Co^II–Ln^III and Ni^II–Ln^III complexes are crystallized in an isomorphous monoclinic space group <i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>, where the Co^II or Ni^II ion at the high-spin state has an octahedral coordination environment with N₂O₂ donor atoms of 3-MeOsaltn at the equatorial sites, and one oxygen atom of the bridged acetato and a methanol oxygen atom at the two axial sites. Each Ln^III ion for all the complexes is coordinated by four oxygen atoms of two phenolato and two methoxy oxygen atoms of “ligand-complex” M­(3-MeOsaltn), four oxygen atoms of two hfac^–, and one oxygen atom of the bridging acetato ion; thus, the coordination number is nine. The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibilities from 1.9 to 300 K and the field-dependent magnetization up to 5 T at 1.9 K were measured. Due to the important orbital contributions of the Ln^III (Tb^III, Dy^III) and to a lesser extent the M^II (Ni^II, Co^II) components, the magnetic interaction between M^II and Ln^III ions were investigated by an empirical approach based on a comparison of the magnetic properties of the M^II–Ln^III, Zn^II–Ln^III, and M^II–La^III complexes. The differences of χ_M<i>T</i> and <i>M</i>(<i>H</i>) values for the M^II–Ln^III, Zn^II–Ln^III and those for the M^II–La^III complexes, that is, Δ­(<i>T</i>) = (χ_M<i>T</i>)_MLn – (χ_M<i>T</i>)_ZnLn – (χ_M<i>T</i>)_MLa = <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>T</i>) and Δ­(<i>H</i>) = <i>M</i>_MLn(<i>H</i>) – <i>M</i>_ZnLn(<i>H</i>) – <i>M</i>_MLa(<i>H</i>) = <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>H</i>), give the information of 3d–4f magnetic interaction. The magnetic interactions are ferromagnetic if M^II = (Cu^II, Ni^II, and Co^II) and Ln = (Gd^III, Tb^III, and Dy^III). The magnitudes of the ferromagnetic interaction, <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>T</i>) and <i>J</i>_MLn(<i>H</i>), are in the order Cu^II–Gd^III > Cu^II–Dy^III > Cu^II–Tb^III, while those are in the order of M^II–Gd^III ≈ M^II–Tb^III > M^II–Dy^III for M^II = Ni^II and Co^II. Alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements demonstrated that the Ni^II–Tb^III and Co^II–Tb^III complexes showed out-of-phase signal with frequency-dependence and the Ni^II–Dy^III and Co^II–Dy^III complexes showed small frequency-dependence. The energy barrier for the spin flipping was estimated from the Arrhenius plot to be 14.9(6) and 17.0(4) K for the Ni^II–Tb^III and Co^II–Tb^III complexes, respectively, under a dc bias field of 1000 Oe

Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties of a Single-Ion Magnet “<i>mer</i>”‑[Tris(<i>N</i>‑[(imidazol-4-yl)-methylidene]-dl-phenylalaninato)terbium(III) and Related “<i>fac</i>”-dl-Alaninato Derivative

Two Tb^III complexes with the same N₆O₃ donor atoms but different coordination geometries, “<i>fac</i>”-[Tb^III(HL^dl‑ala)₃]·7H₂O (<b>1</b>) and “<i>mer</i>”-[Tb^III(HL^dl‑phe)₃]·7H₂O (<b>2</b>), were synthesized, where H₂L^dl‑ala and H₂L^dl‑phe are <i>N</i>-[(imidazol-4-yl)­methylidene]-dl-alanine and -dl-phenylalanine, respectively. Each Tb^III ion is coordinated by three electronically mononegative NNO tridentate ligands to form a coordination geometry of a tricapped trigonal prism. Compound <b>1</b> consists of enantiomers “<i>fac</i>”-[Tb^III(HL^d‑ala)₃] and “<i>fac</i>”-[Tb^III(HL^l‑ala)₃], while <b>2</b> consists of “<i>mer</i>”-[Tb^III(HL^d‑phe)₂(HL^l‑phe)] and “<i>mer</i>”-[Tb^III(HL^d‑phe)­(HL^l‑phe)₂]. Magnetic data were analyzed by a spin Hamiltonian including the crystal field effect on the Tb^III ion (4f⁸, <i>J</i> = 6, <i>S</i> = 3, <i>L</i> = 3, <i>g</i>_<i>J</i> = 3/2, ⁷F₆). The Stark splitting of the ground state ⁷F₆ was evaluated from magnetic analysis, and the energy diagram pattern indicated easy-plane and easy-axis (Ising type) magnetic anisotropies for <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, respectively. Highly efficient luminescences with Φ = 0.50 and 0.61 for <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, respectively, were observed, and the luminescence fine structure due to the ⁵D₄ → ⁷F₆ transition is in good accordance with the energy diagram determined from magnetic analysis. The energy diagram of <b>1</b> shows an approximate single-well potential curve, whereas that of <b>2</b> shows a double- or quadruple-well potential within the ⁷F₆ multiplets. Complex <b>2</b> displayed an onset of the out-of-phase signal in alternating current (ac) susceptibility at a direct current bias field of 1000 Oe on cooling down to 1.9 K. A slight frequency dependence was recorded around 2 K. On the other hand, <b>1</b> did not show any meaningful out-of-phase ac susceptibility. Pulsed-field magnetizations of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> were measured below 1.6 K, and only <b>2</b> exhibited magnetic hysteresis. This finding agrees well with the energy diagram pattern from crystal field calculation on <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>. DFT calculation allowed us to estimate the negative charge distribution around the Tb^III ion, giving a rationale to the different magnetic anisotropies of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>