An overview and prospect about research on unwillingness to attend school

This paper aimed at considering the background why the researches on unwillingness to attend school have come to get attention. The past researches in this field were also reviewed. Because the number of school refusal students has been increase, the study of unwillingness to attend school has become more attention. The past researches have found some factors that affect unwillingness to attend school and some characteristics of these children. And, researchers have regarded unwillingness to attend school as sign of school refusal. Implications for further research were suggested as follows: (1) Unwillingness to attend school is not necessarily the indication of malajustment at adolescence. Unwillingness to attend school is followed by development in this period. Moreover, feeling at nonattendance can be useful of understanding the meaning of unwillingness to attend school at adolescence. (2) It is necessary to investigate theoretically and practically how school environment should be in which adolescences can develop satisfactory. Kawai's and Winnicott's theories are useful to understanding them. (3) Case study method is useful to investigate unwillingness to attend school

Molecular cloning of haploid germ cell-specific tektin cDNA and analysis of the protein in mouse testis

AbstractTektins are a class of proteins that form filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. We report here the molecular cloning of a new member of the tektin family, tektin-t, identified from a mouse haploid germ cell-specific cDNA library. Tektin-t mRNA encodes a protein of 430 deduced amino acids possessing RSNVELCRD, the conserved sequence of tektin family proteins. Western blotting showed a single band having a molecular weight of 86 kDa in the mouse testis. Immunohistochemistry of the testis showed that tektin-t is localized in the flagella of elongating spermatids from developmental step 15 to maturity

Transition Within Leeward Plane of Axisymmetric Bodies at Incidence in Supersonic Flow

Boundary layer transition along the leeward symmetry plane of axisymmetric bodies at nonzero angle of attack in supersonic flow was investigated experimentally and numerically as part of joint research between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Transition over four axisymmetric bodies (namely, Sears-Haack body, semi-Sears-Haack body, straight cone and flared cone) with different axial pressure gradients was measured in two different facilities with different unit Reynolds numbers. The semi-Sears-Haack body and flared cone were designed at JAXA to broaden the range of axial pressure distributions. For a body shape with an adverse pressure gradient (i.e., flared cone), the experimentally measured transition patterns show an earlier transition location along the leeward symmetry plane in comparison with the neighboring azimuthal locations. For nearly zero pressure gradient (i.e.,straight cone), this feature is only observed at the larger unit Reynolds number. Later transition along the leeward plane was observed for the remaining two body shapes with a favorable pressure gradient. The observed transition patterns are only partially consistent with the numerical predictions based on linear stability analysis. Additional measurements are used in conjunction with the stability computations to explore the phenomenon of leeward line transition and the underlying transition mechanism in further detail

Oseltamivir Prescription and Regulatory Actions Vis-à-Vis Abnormal Behavior Risk in Japan: Drug Utilization Study Using a Nationwide Pharmacy Database

BACKGROUND: In March 2007, a regulatory advisory was issued in Japan to restrict oseltamivir use in children aged 10-19 years because of safety concerns over abnormal behavior. The effectiveness and validity of regulatory risk minimization actions remain to be reviewed, despite their significant public health implications. To assess the impact of the regulatory actions on prescribing practices and safety reporting. METHODOLOY/PRINICPAL FINDINGS: In this retrospective review of a nationwide pharmacy database, we analyzed 100,344 dispensation records for oseltamivir and zanamivir for the period from November 2006 to March 2009. The time trend in dispensations for these antiviral agents was presented before and after the regulatory actions, contrasted with intensity of media coverage and the numbers of spontaneous adverse reaction reports with regard to antivirals. The 2007 regulatory actions, together with its intense media coverage, reduced oseltamivir dispensation in targeted patients in fiscal year 2008 to 20.4% of that in fiscal year 2006, although influenza activities were comparable between these fiscal years. In contrast, zanamivir dispensation increased approximately nine-fold across all age groups. The number of abnormal behavior reports associated with oseltamivir in children aged 10-19 years decreased from fiscal year 2006 to 2008 (24 to 9 cases); this decline was offset by the increased number of reports of abnormal behavior in children under age 10 (12 to 28 cases). The number of reports associated with zanamivir increased in proportion to increased dispensation of this drug (11 to 114 cases). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The 2007 actions effectively reduced oseltamivir prescriptions and the number of reports of abnormal behavior in the targeted group. The observed increase in abnormal behavior reports in oseltamivir patients under age 10 and in zanamivir patients suggests that these patient groups may also be at risk, calling into question the validity of the current discrimination by age and agent (Abstract translation is available in Japanese: Appendix S1)

Computational Investigation of Supersonic Boundary Layer Transition Over Canonical Fuselage Nose Configurations

Boundary layer transition over axisymmetric bodies at non-zero angle of attack in supersonic flow is numerically investigated as part of joint research between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Transition over four axisymmetric bodies (namely, Sears-Haack body, semi-Sears-Haack body, 5-degree straight cone and flared cone) with different axial pressure gradients has been studied at Mach 2 in order to understand the effect of axial pressure gradient on instability amplification along the leeward symmetry plane and in the region of nonzero crossflow away from it. Comparisons are made with measured transition data in Mach 2 facilities as well as with predicted and measured transition characteristics for a 5-degree straight cone in a Mach 3.5 low disturbance tunnel. Limitations of using linear stability correlations for predicting transition over axisymmetric bodies at angle of attack are pointed out

Differences in the motion of typically developing children aged 4–6 years putting on trousers in a standing position

　This study was designed to assess differences in the motion of putting on trousers in a standing position in typically developing children aged 4–6 years, and to find a relation between it and single-leg standing.　Participants in this study were 50 typically developing children (28 boys and 22 girls; 4.5±0.4 years, 5.5±0.3 years, 6.6±0.3 years). They performed two tasks: 10 s single-leg standing and putting on trousers in a standing position.　Based on the motion characteristics, the motions of putting on trousers were classified three types. Compared to types 1 and 2, type 3 showed that participants flexed their trunk, grasped the waistline of the trousers near the support leg knee, and fixed the trousers and extended swing leg to fit the trousers. These motion characteristics decreased the total time, path length, and anterior-posterior（AP）maximum displacement while putting on trousers. Moreover, the age increased as the type changing from 1 to 3. When standing on a single leg, the single-leg standing time increased, as did the path velocity, the AP and medial-lateral direction velocity and maximum displacement decreased as the type changing from 1 to 3.　These results suggested that the three types motion of putting on trousers in a standing position matured by age for typically developing children aged 4–6 years. The types were related with the ability to stand on a single leg

Bilateral Ovarian Tumors on MRI : How Should We Differentiate the Lesions?

Background: We investigated the distinguishing pathological features of bilateral ovarian tumors using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Methods: Eighty-six patients with bilateral ovarian tumors on MR imaging were evaluated. The pathological diagnosis was investigated, and the results were subjected to statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, Chi-squared test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the features useful for the differentiation of distinct types of lesions. Results: The diagnosis of bilateral ovarian tumors was confirmed in eighty-one patients and the majority of the lesions were further classified into serous carcinoma (n = 36), mature teratoma (n = 20) and metastasis (n = 12). We assessed the existence of factors useful for the MR imaging differentiation between metastasis and serous carcinoma or primary malignant ovarian tumors. Cancer antigen (CA) 125 serum level and maximum tumor diameter were significantly different between metastasis and serous carcinoma and similarly, between metastasis and primary malignant ovarian tumors. MR imaging morphology, ascites and peritoneal implants did not show any significant difference between the different types of lesions. Conclusion: Within our patient cohort, most bilateral ovarian tumor lesions were determined to be serous carcinoma, mature teratoma or metastasis. CA 125 serum level and maximum tumor diameter are useful markers for the differentiation between metastasis and serous carcinoma or primary malignant ovarian tumors

Diagnostic Value of the Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Variant Histology

The value of the Vesicle Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) in the diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) for urothelial carcinoma with variant histology (VUC) remains unknown. We retrospectively evaluated 360 consecutive patients with bladder cancer (255 pure urothelial carcinoma [PUC] and 69 VUC) who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging between 2011 and 2019. VI-RADS scores assigned by four readers were significantly higher for the VUC group than for the PUC group (p &lt; 0.05). In the cohort of 122 pair-matched patients, there was no significant difference in VI-RADS score distribution between the PUC and VUC groups for all readers (p &gt; 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for MIBC diagnosis via overall VI-RADS score was 0.93-0.94 for PUC and 0.89-0.92 for VUC, with no significant difference between the PUC and VUC groups (p = 0.32-0.60). These data suggests that VI-RADS scores achieved high diagnostic performance for detection of muscle invasion in both PUC and VUC. PATIENT SUMMARY: The Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) is a standardized system for reporting on detection of muscle-invasive bladder cancer via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Our study shows that VI-RADS is also highly accurate for diagnosis for different variants of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with good inter-reader agreement.</p