Engineering and Economic Evaluation of Production of Copper Nanoparticle by Chemically Controlled Reduction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate economic feasibility of industrial scale production of copper (Cu) nanoparticles for 20 years. Several economic evaluation parameters are analyzed, including payback period, Cumulative Net Present Value, and gross profit marigin of the project. Engineering perspective is based on the synthesis of Cu nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method with stoichiometric calculations and mass balance. The Engineering perspective analysis of Cu nanoparticle production shows the resulting product is 1563,862 kg/year, with a total manufacturing cost of 8,231,547,131 IDR/year, resulting in sales of 22,675,854,000 IDR/year, so the profit is 14,444,306,868 IDR/year. Profit value is relatively economical, so this project can be run for 20 years under ideal conditions. Economic evaluation analysis shows the production of Cu nanoparticles is prospective. The payback period for initial investment capital in this project is quite short in 2.5 years. Tax cost, raw material costs, sallary labor, and sales greatly affect the profitability of the project. Therefore, this influence needs to be estimated, so that project profitability remains good and is feasible to run. This research can be used as a reference to analyze economically in the manufacture of industrial scale Cu nanoparticles

Phytochemical study of four leaves extracts of Chamærops humilis L. from the region of Al-Hoceima, Morocco

The objective of this study was to compare the relative yields of two extraction methods (maceration and soxhlet extraction) using solvents of different polarities and to quantitively and qualitatively assess the secondary metabolite contents of the Chamærops humilis L. plant. In the experiments, we used the maceration and the extraction processes using soxhlet. Several solvents were used, such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. For the phytochemical screening, we relied on the color and precipitation tests, and for the quantitative determination of the content of total phenol, flavonoids, and flavonols, we used conventional methods. The results showed that the phytochemical screening of the various extracts showed the presence of the majority of metabolite dispersed between the four extraction solvents with exception of alkaloids and proteins which are absent in all the extracts. For the total phenol content, it was in large amounts in the ethanolic extract for the maceration technique and a large amount in the aqueous extract for the soxhlet extraction. In addition to flavonoids and flavonols, experimental tests have shown that ethanol has well extracted these two types of components. The plant Chamærops humilis L. from our region has shown the presence of a high concentration of total phenol and more precisely flavonoids, which can prove its use as an antibiotic for a lot of diseases

Research trend on the use of mercury in gold mining: Literature review and bibliometric analysis

This study was conducted to analyze scientific trends about mercury-related applications in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) through a bibliometric study on the Google Scholar database using VOSviewer. To support the analysis, this study was also completed with a literature review of ASGM. Based on the results of data using the keywords of "mercury", "gold mining", "particle technology", and "adsorption" using Publish or Perish from 2018 to 2022, 988 articles were detected and selected from Google Scholar. The results of searching data for the last 5 years showed that publications on related keywords increased in 2020 to 239 publications and decreased in 2021 and 2022 to 210 and 121, respectively. To support the analysis, three visualization forms in the data mapping analysis were completed: network visualization, overlay visualization, and density visualization. The results of this study are expected to assist researchers in recognizing global research trends regarding the proposed keywords that can be used as a reference in conducting further researc

Techno-economic Analysis on the Production of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles by Precipitation Assisted Ultrasonic Radiation Method

Zinc sulfide is a material that has many uses in various fields. Zinc sulfide is deriving from the mineral sphalerite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing zinc sulfide from zinc acetate and sodium sulfide using the precipitation-assisted ultrasonic radiation method. This method is the most efficient method for the synthesis of zinc sulfide nanoparticles, because it does not take much time and the resulting product is high. The evaluation was done from the engineering and economic perspectives. The feasibility analysis method from the engineering perspective was done by designing the initial production design on a large scale, whereas the analysis from an economic perspective was done by calculating various economic parameters, that is Gross Profit Margin, Cumulative Net Present Value, Internal Rate Return, Payback Period, Break Event Point, and Profitability Index. The engineering perspective showed that the production of zinc sulfide nanoparticles can be done on a large scale due to the commercial availability of materials and tools. Based on the economic evaluation, the production of zinc sulfide nanoparticles by precipitation-assisted ultrasonic method is ideal for an industrial scale. Earned increased profits over 20 years, the payback on investment costs lasted only two years. We hope that this study can provide references to readers, industry, and researchers regarding the feasibility analysis of the production of zinc sulfide nanoparticles using the precipitation-assisted ultrasonic radiation method

Heat Exchanger Design for Producing ZnO Nanoparticles using Pomegranate Fruit Peels Extract

The purpose of this study is to design a shell and tube-type heat exchanger for application in producing ZnO nanoparticles using pomegranate fruit peel extract on an industrial scale. The designed heat exchanger has specifications for a shell length of 4,2672 m, a shell diameter of 0,2690 m, an outer tube diameter of 0,0317 m, and a thickness of 0,0021 m. The Microsoft Excel application is used for manual calculations. The results show that the designed shell and tube-type heat exchanger has an effectiveness value of 81,1944%. This value indicates that the heat exchanger designed to produce these ZnO nanoparticles has a good performance. Hopefully, this research can be used as a reference in designing heat exchangers to be more effective, economical, and highly reliable in production activities.

Smart Monitoring of Nutrient Content, pH Condition and Temperature in Vegetable Leaf Grown through Deep Flow Technique

 This research aims to develop a hydroponic farming system by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) as a medium for monitoring the quality of plant nutrition, pH Condition, and Temperature. The research method used quantitative analysis of plant nutrient content measurements for 26 days with two treatments, namely indoor and outdoor. We used several vegetable leaves (i.e. Bok Choy, Water Spinach, and Lettuce) as these plants are easy to grow, have a low risk of withering, and have a relatively short planting time until harvest (26 days). The findings presented that by implementing IoT in agriculture, the nutritional content of plants can be measured accurately, from pH, plant nutrients (ppm), to temperature. With the monitoring system, we can detect whether the nutrient content is deficient or excessive.  The system can also maintain optimum conditions in nutrient content quality, pH condition, and temperature. In conclusion, this research can be used as a reference for developing an optimal hydroponic monitoring system

Cost Analysis and Economic Evaluation for Manufacturing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles from Eggshell Waste

The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of manufacturing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell waste. The economic analysis perspective is carried out by calculating various economic parameters, namely gross profit margin (GPM), payback period (PBP), break event point (BEP), internal rate return (IRR), creating net present value (CNPV), return on investment ( ROI) and profitability index (PI). The results show that the production of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell waste is prospective. Technical analysis to produce 30,150 Kg of hydroxyapatite per year shows the total cost of equipment purchased is Rp. 230,580,000.00, and the total cost of raw materials is Rp. 890,235,720.00. The profit obtained from the sale of the product is Rp. 4,520,803,500.00/year. Within 20 years of the construction of this project, using eggshells as a raw material for production can reduce the accumulation of eggshell waste. This project can compete with PBP capital market standards due to the short return on investment of around 3 years. To ensure feasibility, the project is estimated from ideal to worst case conditions in production, including labor, sales, raw materials, utilities, as well as external conditions (taxes and subsidiaries). The benefits of this research are that it can provide information on the economic feasibility of manufacturing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on a large scale, and can optimize/develop projects for further investigation

Green Innovation in Brake Pad Production: Harnessing Teak Powder and Clam Shells as Sustainable Alternatives for Subtractive Residual Waste

The automotive industry is critical to the world's rapidly expanding economy. Brake pads, which are critical components in braking, are commonly made of asbestos, which is hazardous to one's health and the environment. As a result, the purpose of this research is to evaluate and investigate the possible use of teak sawdust and shells in the automobile industry, specifically to build ecologically friendly and superior performing brake pads. The key materials for brake pads in this investigation were teak wood dust and shells. Teak sawdust is mixed with resin and catalyst in various proportions to make brake pads. The teak sawdust-to-resin-to-catalyst ratio is adjusted at 1:1 and 1.5:1. Subsequently, the ratio of catalyst to shells containing resin was adjusted to 1:1 and 1.5:1. Finally, the ratios of 1:1 and 1.5:1 are determined for the mixture of teak sawdust and shells to resin and catalyst. In addition, an examination utilizing a compression, friction, and puncture test was conducted to evaluate the brake pads' durability. The experimental findings demonstrate that the strength of the brake pads is significantly impacted by the compositional difference between teak sawdust and resin. The best combination, according to mechanical tests, was a 1:1 ratio of teak to shells. This investigation verified that a blend of shell powder and teak wood powder may be used in place of asbestos brake pads. It is anticipated that the car sector will employ teak sawdust to support environmental sustainability, enhance performance, preserve user safety, and offer ecological solutions

Techno-Economic Analysis in the Production of Copper Nanoparticles by Biosynthetic Method using Citrus medica Linn. Extract

Copper nanoparticles are the most frequently used materials in the field of nanoscience because of their electrical, optical, biomedical, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles with biological methods is known to be environmentally friendly, inexpensive, simple, and capable of producing better nanoparticles than other methods. This study aims to determine the feasibility of an industrial project to manufacture Cu nanoparticles through a biosynthetic method using Citrus medica Linn. extract and evaluate it from an engineering and economic point of view. Some of the parameters used for economic evaluation are Payback Period (PBP), Break Even Point (BEP), and Cumulative Net Present Value (CNPV). The analysis is supported using data taken from online shopping websites. The results showed that the number of Cu nanoparticles that could be produced in one year was 24,000 kg. The total initial capital cost is 272,640.00 USD and the profit is 698,655.90 USD/year. PBP occurred in the 3rd year with the CNPV/TIC value reaching 3.746% in the 9th year. Based on the economic evaluation, the project is concluded to be feasible to run with the anticipated tax and percentage of sales. The results of this study are expected to provide an overview of the economic evaluation of industrial-scale Cu nanoparticles production by biosynthetic method using Citrus medica Linn. extract

Techno-Economic Analysis on the Production of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Method using Abultion indicum Leaf Extract on an Industrial Scale

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of producing copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using the green synthesis method on an industrial scale for 10 years by evaluating from an engineering and economic perspective. Various economic parameters are used to analyze economic viability, including Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Cumulative Net Present Value (CNPV), Payback Period (PBP), as well as economic variations in sales, taxes, raw materials, labor wages, and utilities to ensure project feasibility. Technical analysis to produce 100 kg of CuO nanoparticles per day requires a total production cost of 220,322.850.00 IDR and the gross profit margin is 16,721,250.000,00 IDR per year. PBP analysis shows that the investment will be profitable after more than three years. This project can compete with PBP capital market standards because of the short investment return. The profit is relatively economical, so this project can be run for 10 years under ideal conditions. This research is expected to be a reference for technical and economic analysis of industrial-scale production of CuO nanoparticle