An efficient reconfigurable workload balancing scheme for fog computing network using internet of things devices

Nowadays a huge amount of data has been communicated using fog nodes spread throughout smarty cities. the communication process is performed using fog nodes which are co-located with cellular base stations (BSs) that can move the computing resources close to internet of things (IoT) devices. In smart cities, a different type of data flow has been communicated through IoT devices. The communication process performs efficiently using the remote cloud. The IoT devices very close to the BS can communicate data without using fog nodes. Due to these phenomena, workload unbalancing occurs in IoT devices communicating in fog computing networks. Hence, it generates communication and computing latency. The task distribution process between the IoT devices is unbalanced. Hence, congestion and loss of information occur in fog computing network. A proposed reconfigurable load balancing algorithm (RLBA) is efficiently balancing the workload by reconfigurable communication channels and deviates the task with respect to the BS locations, IoT devices density and load IoT devices in each fog nodes in a network to minimize the communication and computing latency. As per the performance analysis, the proposed algorithm shows better performance as compared to conventional methods’ average latency ratio, communication latency ratio, computing load and traffic load

Secure cluster-based routing using multi objective-trust centric artificial algae algorithm for wireless sensor network

Nowadays, wireless sensor network (WSN) is developed as a key technology to observe and track applications over a wide range. However, energy consumption and security are considered as important issues in the WSN. In this paper, the multi objective-trust centric artificial algae algorithm (M-TCAAA) is proposed to accomplish a secure broadcasting over the WSN. The proposed M-TCAAA is used to choose the secure cluster head (SCH) as well as routing path, based on the distinct fitness measures such as trust, communication cost, residual energy, and node degree. Hence, the M-TCAAA is used to ensure a secure data transmission while decreasing the energy consumed by the nodes. The performance of the M-TCAAA is analyzed by means of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end to end delay (EED), normalized routing load (NRL), and network lifetime. The existing researches namely energy aware trust and opportunity-based routing with mobile nodes (ETOR-MN), grey wolf updated whale optimization (GUWO), secure cluster-based routing protocol (SCBRP), secure routing protocol based on multi-objective ant-colony-optimization (SRPMA) and multi objective trust aware hybrid optimization (MOTAHO) are considered for evaluating the M-TCAAA. The PDR of the M-TCAAA for 100 nodes is 99.87%, which is larger than the ETOR-MN, GUWO, SRPMA and MOTAHO

An efficient adaptive reconfigurable routing protocol for optimized data packet distribution in network on chips

The deadlock-free and live lock-free routing at the same time is minimized in the network on chip (NoC) using the proposed adoptive reconfigurable routing protocol (ARRP). Congestion condition emergencies are avoided using the proposed algorithm. The input packet distribution process is improved among all its shortest paths of output points. The performance analysis has been initiated by considering different configuration (N*N) mesh networks, by sending various ranges of data packets to the network on chip. The average and maximum power dissipation of XY, odd-even, Dy-XY algorithm, and proposed algorithm are determined. In this paper, an analysis of gate utilization during data packet transfer in various mesh configurations is carried out. The number of cycles required for each message injection in different mesh configurations is analyzed. The proposed routing algorithm is implemented and compared with conventional algorithms. The simulation has been carried out using reconfigurable two-dimensional mesh for the NoC. The proposed algorithm has been implemented considering array size, the routing operating frequency, link width length, value of probability, and traffic types. The proposed ARRP algorithm reduces the average latency, avoids routing congestion, and is more feasible for NoC compared to conventional methods

Association of Cutibacterium acnes with human thyroid cancer

IntroductionThe diverse subtypes of thyroid carcinoma have distinct clinical outcomes despite a comparable spectrum of underlying genetic alterations. Beyond genetic alterations, sparse efforts have been made to characterize the microbes associated with thyroid cancer. In this study, we examine the microbial profile of thyroid cancer.MethodsWe sequenced the whole transcriptome of 70 thyroid cancers (40 papillary and 30 anaplastic). Using Infectious Pathogen Detector IPD 2.0, we analysed the relative abundance of 1060 microbes across 70 tumours from patients with thyroid cancer against 118 tumour samples from patients with breast, cervical, colorectal, and tongue cancer.ResultsOur analysis reveals a significant prevalence of Cutibacterium acnes in 58.6% thyroid cancer samples compared to other cancer types (p=0.00038). Immune cell fraction analysis between thyroid cancer samples with high and low Cutibacterium loads identify enrichment of immunosuppressive cells, including Tregs (p=0.015), and other anti-inflammatory cytokines in the tumour microenvironment, suggesting an immune evasion/immunosuppression milieu is associated with the infection. A higher burden of Cutibacterium acnes was also found to be associated with poor survival defining a distinct sub-group of thyroid cancer.ConclusionCutibacterium acnes is associated with immune suppression and poor prognosis in a subpopulation of thyroid cancer. This study may help design novel therapeutic measures involving appropriate antibiotics to manage the disease better

Keratan sulphate in the tumour environment

Keratan sulphate (KS) is a bioactive glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of some complexity composed of the repeat disaccharide D-galactose β1→4 glycosidically linked to N-acetyl glucosamine. During the biosynthesis of KS, a family of glycosyltransferase and sulphotransferase enzymes act sequentially and in a coordinated fashion to add D-galactose (D-Gal) then N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) to a GlcNAc acceptor residue at the reducing terminus of a nascent KS chain to effect chain elongation. D-Gal and GlcNAc can both undergo sulphation at C6 but this occurs more frequently on GlcNAc than D-Gal. Sulphation along the developing KS chain is not uniform and contains regions of variable length where no sulphation occurs, regions which are monosulphated mainly on GlcNAc and further regions of high sulphation where both of the repeat disaccharides are sulphated. Each of these respective regions in the KS chain can be of variable length leading to KS complexity in terms of chain length and charge localization along the KS chain. Like other GAGs, it is these variably sulphated regions in KS which define its interactive properties with ligands such as growth factors, morphogens and cytokines and which determine the functional properties of tissues containing KS. Further adding to KS complexity is the identification of three different linkage structures in KS to asparagine (N-linked) or to threonine or serine residues (O-linked) in proteoglycan core proteins which has allowed the categorization of KS into three types, namely KS-I (corneal KS, N-linked), KS-II (skeletal KS, O-linked) or KS-III (brain KS, O-linked). KS-I to -III are also subject to variable addition of L-fucose and sialic acid groups. Furthermore, the GlcNAc residues of some members of the mucin-like glycoprotein family can also act as acceptor molecules for the addition of D-Gal and GlcNAc residues which can also be sulphated leading to small low sulphation glycoforms of KS. These differ from the more heavily sulphated KS chains found on proteoglycans. Like other GAGs, KS has evolved molecular recognition and information transfer properties over hundreds of millions of years of vertebrate and invertebrate evolution which equips them with cell mediatory properties in normal cellular processes and in aberrant pathological situations such as in tumourogenesis. Two KS-proteoglycans in particular, podocalyxin and lumican, are cell membrane, intracellular or stromal tissue–associated components with roles in the promotion or regulation of tumour development, mucin-like KS glycoproteins may also contribute to tumourogenesis. A greater understanding of the biology of KS may allow better methodology to be developed to more effectively combat tumourogenic processes

Innovations in Centrifugal Microfluidics for Pathogen Detection in Water

Waterborne diseases cause millions of deaths worldwide, especially in developing communities. The detection of waterborne pathogens is a critical step for the selection of water treatment processes that will lead to the prevention of disease transmission. Unfortunately, analyzing water samples is a lengthy and laborious process that requires 1) collecting and transporting large volumes of samples (>1 L) to a centralized lab, 2) sample preparation for downstream analysis, 3) using appropriate detection methods to identify pathogens and 4) estimating the proportion of viable pathogens that pose a risk to public health. This lengthy “sample-to-answer” process significantly delays the risk mitigation actions, and subsequently exposes those using the water for daily necessities to pathogen infection. This dissertation aims to streamline the water sample analysis timeline by incorporating the major laboratory steps onto centrifugal microfluidic platforms for implementation at the point-of-sample collection, mitigating many of the aforementioned limitations. We first investigate pathogen detection methods by describing the integration of a droplet digital loop mediated isothermal DNA amplification assay onto a centrifugal microfluidic disc that coupled with a portable analysis instrument, can detect E. faecalis, a common waterborne pathogen. We highlight the fluidic and functional integration of the major steps of the assay onto the disc as well as the rapid, quantitative, hands-free aspects of the system. Next, to process samples in our detection system, we tackle upstream sample preparation by focusing on adopting simple and accessible water sample concentration mechanisms onto a centrifugal microfluidic platform. We integrate super absorbent polymer beads with the disc system to concentrate E.coli, another common waterborne pathogen, and observe how the concentration is affected by various relevant parameters. We conclude by discussing strategies for downstream assessment of pathogen viability and relevant infectivity in water samples. We describe the method and initial feasibility of a RNA-based, enzyme-mediated signal amplification strategy to detect E.coli and highlight its integration into modified culture-based assays for rapid, viable pathogen detection and risk assessment. Together, this work highlights the critical challenges in water analysis and innovations in centrifugal microfluidics for pathogen detection at the point-of-sample collection

Innovations in Centrifugal Microfluidics for Pathogen Detection in Water

Waterborne diseases cause millions of deaths worldwide, especially in developing communities. The detection of waterborne pathogens is a critical step for the selection of water treatment processes that will lead to the prevention of disease transmission. Unfortunately, analyzing water samples is a lengthy and laborious process that requires 1) collecting and transporting large volumes of samples (>1 L) to a centralized lab, 2) sample preparation for downstream analysis, 3) using appropriate detection methods to identify pathogens and 4) estimating the proportion of viable pathogens that pose a risk to public health. This lengthy “sample-to-answer” process significantly delays the risk mitigation actions, and subsequently exposes those using the water for daily necessities to pathogen infection. This dissertation aims to streamline the water sample analysis timeline by incorporating the major laboratory steps onto centrifugal microfluidic platforms for implementation at the point-of-sample collection, mitigating many of the aforementioned limitations. We first investigate pathogen detection methods by describing the integration of a droplet digital loop mediated isothermal DNA amplification assay onto a centrifugal microfluidic disc that coupled with a portable analysis instrument, can detect E. faecalis, a common waterborne pathogen. We highlight the fluidic and functional integration of the major steps of the assay onto the disc as well as the rapid, quantitative, hands-free aspects of the system. Next, to process samples in our detection system, we tackle upstream sample preparation by focusing on adopting simple and accessible water sample concentration mechanisms onto a centrifugal microfluidic platform. We integrate super absorbent polymer beads with the disc system to concentrate E.coli, another common waterborne pathogen, and observe how the concentration is affected by various relevant parameters. We conclude by discussing strategies for downstream assessment of pathogen viability and relevant infectivity in water samples. We describe the method and initial feasibility of a RNA-based, enzyme-mediated signal amplification strategy to detect E.coli and highlight its integration into modified culture-based assays for rapid, viable pathogen detection and risk assessment. Together, this work highlights the critical challenges in water analysis and innovations in centrifugal microfluidics for pathogen detection at the point-of-sample collection

Oxidation of glycine by diperiodatocuprate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium

200-206Oxidation of the amino acid, glycine, by diperiodatocuprate(III) is studied spectrophotometrically in alkaline medium at constant ionic strength (0.20 mol dm-3) and at varying temperatures (298-318 K). The reaction between diperiodatocuprate(III) and glycine in aqueous alkaline medium exhibits 1:4 stoichiometry. Intervention of free radicals is observed in the reaction. Mechanism involving monoperiodatocuprate(III) as the reactive oxidant species, proceeding through the formation of a complex is proposed. The reaction constants involved in the different steps of the mechanism and activation parameters with respect to the slow step of the mechanism are computed and discussed. The thermodynamic quantities are also determined for the various equilibrium steps. The isokinetic temperature is found to be 381 K

Fabrication and Evaluation of Quercetin Nanoemulsion: A Delivery System with Improved Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy in Diabetes Mellitus

The current study was intended to fabricate and evaluate ultrasonically assisted quercetin nanoemulsion (Que-NE) for improved bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness against diabetes mellitus in rats. Ethyl oleate, Tween 20, and Labrasol were chosen as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to study the influence of process variables such as % surfactant and cosurfactant mixture (Smix) (5 to 7%), % amplitude (20–30%) and sonication time (2.5–7.5 min) on droplet size, polydispersibility index (PDI), and % entrapment efficiency (%EE) were studied. The optimization predicted that 9% Smix at 25% amplitude for 2.5 min would produce Que-NE with a droplet size of 125.51 nm, 0.215 PDI, and 87.04% EE. Moreover, the optimized Que-NE exhibited appreciable droplet size and PDI when stored at 5, 30, and 40 °C for 45 days. Also, the morphological characterization by transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated the spherical shape of the optimized nanoemulsion. Furthermore, the Que-NE compared to pure quercetin exhibited superior release and enhanced oral bioavailability. The streptozocin-induced antidiabetic study in rats revealed that the Que-NE had remarkable protective and therapeutic properties in managing body weight, blood glucose level, lipid profile, and tissue injury markers, alongside the structure of pancreatic β-cells and hepatocytes being protected. Thus, the developed Que-NE could be of potential use as a substitute strategy for diabetes

Risks of hypertension and thromboembolism in patients receiving bevacizumab with chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines show that for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), a combination of three-drug regimens, fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin and bevacizumab (BVZ), is one of the first-line standard therapies. BVZ is generally well tolerated; however, it is associated with infrequent, life-threatening side effects such as severe hypertension (HTN) (5%-18%), Grade ≥3 arterial thromboembolism (ATE) (2.6%), Grade ≥3 hemorrhagic events (1.2%-4.6%), and gastrointestinal perforation (0.3%-2.4%). This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the additive risk of BVZ-induced severe HTN and thromboembolism when BVZ is combined with a standard chemotherapy regime in patients with mCRC. METHODS: Our search was conducted from January 29, 2022, to February 22, 2022, through databases of PubMed, clinicaltrial.gov, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Data analysis from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical trials was conducted using Review Manager V.5.4, comparing BVZ-chemotherapy to chemotherapy only, focusing on cardiovascular AE such as HTN and arterial and venous thromboembolism. RESULTS: The analysis from 26 clinical trials and RCTs showed that the odds of HTN were about four times higher, and ATE subgroup analysis of 11 studies showed over two times higher odds of ATE in patients being treated with BVZ compared to the chemotherapy-only group. CONCLUSION: BVZ, when added to the standard chemotherapy regimen for mCRC, was associated with higher odds of developing HTN and thromboembolism, specifically ATE, than the chemotherapy-only group. Our findings are significant as they provide vital information in analyzing the risk-benefit ratio of adding BVZ to the standard chemotherapy regime in patients with mCRC, especially in patients with vascular comorbidities