ESTABLISHMENT OF NOVEL URINARY KIDNEY DISEASE NEW BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF METHANOL FRACTION OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA ON ACETAMINOPHEN INDUCED KIDNEY DISEASE IN RATS

Objective: There were main two objectives, first was the identification of best biomarkers for early screening of kidney diseases whether plasma urea and creatinine or novel urinary low molecular weight protein biomarkers Interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and cystatin-C. Second was the therapeutic efficacy of methanol fraction of Terminalia arjuna (MFTA) on urinary novel biomarkers. Methods: A total of 35 adult male rats were divided into three Groups (n=5), Group 1 was fed normal food, Group 2, normal food with administration of acetaminophen (APAP) for 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days, and Group 3, normal food with administration of APAP and coadministration of MFTA for 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days. All rats were sacrificed at 15th day of the experiment. Results: Results showed 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days administrations of APAP increased novel urinary biomarkers as IL-18, KIM-1 near two-folds and cystatin-C near six-folds increased than old biomarkers plasma urea and plasma creatinine. Administration of APAP with coadministration of MFTA represented the protective effect by decreasing old and new novel biomarkers with superoxide dismutase and catalase but malondialdehyde level increased. Sodium dodecyle sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed new low molecular weight urinary protein bands in APAP administration rats, the protective effect of MFTA presents no band at this molecular level as normal rats. Conclusion: MFTA is the most potent nephroprotective agent, and urinary low molecular proteins are the best thing diagnostic tools for early detection of kidney disease over common plasma urea and creatinine

ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACIDS FROM OIL OF GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L) BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AND ITS ANTICANCER AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN VITRO

Objective: Tea is a widely consumed beverage worldwide. The effect of green tea is mainly due to its high polyphenols-(-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) content in the culture of cancer cell and bacterial cells. The present work was carried out to investigate the efficacy of green tea oil (GTO) against cancer cells and bacterial cells. Methods: In this study green tea oil was prepared from green tea for different experiment and determination of fatty acids profile from green tea oil. In the present study, peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) was chosen as human peripheral blood lymphocytes and blood cancer MCF-7 cells were chosen as human cancer cells. To fulfill our aims and also to evaluate the activity of this phytomedicine against normal lymphocytes and cancer cells the cell samples were divided into 26 experimental groups in the following ways. Each Petri dish contains 2 X 105 cells. Results: GTO shows a potent anticancer agent but nontoxic to normal cells. The GTO decreases the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and increase the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level significantly (P<0.05) in MCF-7 cells. But in lymphocytes the GSH level and GSSG level were almost the same with the control group but doxorubicin (DOX) significantly decreased the GSH and increase the GSSG level. Green tea oil treatment causes generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MCF-7 cells revealed by DCFH2DA staining. Agar diffusion test shows the GTO is effective against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Conclusion: This phytomedicine has a potent anticancer activity without damaging the normal lymphocytes. So, this drug can be used for further treatment of anticancer and antibacterial

A Longitudinal growth study of weight among Lodha and Non-Lodha infants and young children of Lodhasuli, West Bengal, India

Abstract This is the first community based longitudinal study among the Lodha tribals and nonLodha children of Lodhasuli, West Bengal, India. The objective of the present longitudinal growth study was to compare the growth in weight of Lodha (tribal) children with the nonLodha children of two different nearby villages of Midnapore. The weight of 44 boys and 55 girls, from poor-class families in tribal and rural part of the Lodhasuli, Midnapore, were taken at one month interval over periods of up to 24 months. Independent sample ttest were used to compare the weight between sex and caste. Significant differences (p<0.001) in weight among both boys and girls were observed. Significant deviations (p<0.001) in weight were also observed from the NCHS data

NEPHRO-PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED METHANOL FRACTIONS PHYTO-COMPOUND FROM BARK OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant property of the isolated phytocompounds from TA (Terminalia arjuna) bark and in vivo study for nephro-protective and oxidative stress reducing activity in experimentally induced albino male rats.Methods: Fractions from methanol crude TA extract were collected by column chromatography and F27, F28, F29 fractions were selected on the basis of antioxidant property by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The in vivo study performed by 30 albino male rats which were randomly divided into five groups: Group I (control)were taken normal food and water, Groups II (uremic) were injected acetaminophen intraperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/d for 10 d, Group III, IV and V(extract treatment) acetaminophen intraperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/d for 10 d with co-administered orally of methanol fraction F27, F28, F29 at the dose of 100 mg/kg/d for 15 d respectively.Results: After scarification of rats, the uremic marker plasma urea (80%), creatinine (85%) were elevated and antioxidant enzyme marker such as plasma SOD and catalase level were significantly increased (p<0.05)in Group IV compared to Group II. The total phenolic content of the F28 methanolic fraction was (815.48±8.11) mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract. For isolation of available compound by 1H NMR study in F28 methanol fraction of TA bark was arjunoside IV which contained olefinic proton (a pair of carbon atom linked with double bond).Conclusion: Among the three methanolic fraction of TA bark, F28 was shown best antioxidative, nephron-protective and oxidative stress reducing property.Â

Nephroprotective efficacy of Asparagus racemosus root extract on acetaminophen-induced renal injury in rats

Acetaminophen-induced renal necrosis and insufficiency occurs in patients with acetaminophen overdose. Renal failure is rapidly assuming epidemic proportions globally. In absence of reliable and effective nephroprotective drugs, strategies towards exploring alternative therapies for treatment of kidney diseases are essential. Asparagus racemosus is a medicinal plant used for treatment of various ailments. This research was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of ethanol fraction of A. racemosus roots extract in acetaminophen-induced uraemia and renal failure in rats. Rats were co-administered with acetaminophen injection and oral administration of A. racemosus roots extract in an attempt of protection against renal failure. Uremic biomarkers significantly decreased, and elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes were found, in the animals treated with ethanol fraction of A. racemosus when compared with acetaminophen treated uremic animals. Also, histology of kidneys showed control like structure in animals treated with this extract but severe damage in the uremic animals. HPLC analysis of the ethanol fraction of A. racemosus roots extract revealed eight compounds out of which one had a retention time near to the quercetin standard. It may be concluded that this extract of A. racemosus has therapeutically useful nephroprotective potential

Hepatotoxic effect of Rifampicin as an Anti-Tuberculosis drug on male Albino rat

Tuberculosis is one of the serious airborne infectious diseases. Rifampicin is commonly used as anti-tuberculosis drug which creates drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Physiologically, liver maintains metabolic homeostasis and also regulates the detoxification process. The study of rifampicin mediated hepatotoxicity had been performed on male albino rat after its oral administration with a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 days. Several biochemical markers like serum glutamate pyruvate tranaminase (AST), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum total protein, serum bilirubin, serum cholesterol were considered to evaluate the toxicity. Significant elevation of level of AST (115.89%), ALT (134.40%), ALP (46.15%), serum cholesterol (91%) and bilirubin content (119.44%) had been observed in treated group compared with control group. High level of MDA content as lipid peroxidation marker was also been noticed in drug induced group. Histopathological studies had shown the disintegrated hepatolobular structure with dilated central vein. All these findings indicated that the selected dose of rifampicin is hepatotoxic; proper monitoring and care are essential during the treatment of tuberculosis. Keywords: rifampicin; hepatoxicity; anti-tuberculosi

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

PepN, the Major Suc-LLVY-AMC-hydrolyzing Enzyme in Escherichia coli, Displays Functional Similarity with Downstream Processing Enzymes in Archaea and Eukarya:Implications in Cytosolic Protein Degradation

Succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Suc-LLVY-AMC), a fluorogenic endopeptidase substrate, is used to detect 20 S proteasomal activity from Archaea to mammals. An o-phenanthroline-sensitive Suc-LLVY-AMC hydrolyzing activity was detected in Escherichia coli although it lacks 20 S proteasomes. We identified PepN, previously characterized as the sole alanine aminopeptidase in E. coli, to be responsible for the hydrolysis of Suc-LLVY-AMC. PepN is an aminoendopeptidase. First, extracts from an ethyl methanesulfonate-derived PepN mutant, 9218, did not cleave Suc-LLVY-AMC and L-Ala-para-nitroanilide (pNA). Second, biochemically purified PepN cleaves a wide variety of both aminopeptidase and endopeptidase substrates, and L-Ala-pNA is cleaved more efficiently than other substrates. Studies with bestatin, an aminopeptidase-specific inhibitor, suggest differences in the mechanisms of cleavage of aminopeptidase and endopeptidase substrates. Third, PepN hydrolyzes whole proteins, casein and albumin. Finally, an E. coli strain with a targeted deletion in PepN also lacks the ability to cleave Suc-LLVY-AMC and L-Ala-pNA, and expression of wild type PepN in this mutant rescues both activities. In addition, we identified a low molecular weight Suc-LLVY-AMC-cleaving peptidase in Mycobacterium smegmatis, a eubacteria harboring 20 S proteasomes, to be an aminopeptidase homologous to E. coli PepN, by mass spectrometry analysis. "Sequence-based homologues" of PepN include well characterized aminopeptidases, e.g. Tricorn interacting factors F2 and F3 in Archaea and puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase in mammals. However, our results suggest that eubacterial PepN and its homologues displaying aminoendopeptidase activities may be "functionally similar" to enzymes important in downstream processing of proteins in the cytosol: Tricorn-F1-F2-F3 complex in Archaea and TPPII/Multicorn in eukaryotes

Nutritional status of tribal preschool children based on clinical assessment in Paschimanchal, West Bengal, India

Clinical examination is one of the methods used to determine the nutritional status of a person or diagnosis of various diseases. This method is an important feature of every nutritional survey. It is most practical and simplest method of measuring the nutritional situation or diagnosis of diseases a group of individual. With this method, it is possible to easily understand the nutritional status or physical condition of individuals by deep concentration and observation. It utilizes a lot of specific and non specific physical signs and symptoms that are known to be associated with malnutrition and nutrient deficiency or communicable and non communicable diseases. To conduct this study, data from 258 children aged 1-5 years were collected by a community based cross sectional survey study by pretested questionnaire. Data is collected through door to door survey in multi stage cluster sampling method. Their information is collected is collected subject to the permission of the parent and the age information is determined by the birth certificate or the issued card by primary health center. Clinical signs for difference nutritional deficiencies disease and various communicable or non communicable diseases were observed.&nbsp