Assessment of bias in police lineups.

Materials from five extant field studies were analyzed to determine the level of structural bias in police lineups. Depending on the jurisdiction, between 33% and 68% of lineups sampled from 1,548 real police lineups scored as suspect-biased using mock-witness proportion score. The suspect did not draw a fair portion of mock-witness picks in 20% of field lineups (reverse-biased lineups). Lineup fairness measures revealed that a point estimate (mean) for a set of lineups can mask significant problems in lineup construction and that any single lineup should not be assumed to be fair based on an aggregate score. A sample of 190 lineups from the field data of Wells, Steblay, and Dysart (2015) was used to conduct four new studies that examined the relationship between lineup structure and real eyewitness decisions. Our primary hypothesis—that real eyewitness decisions could be predicted by lineup bias measures—was partially supported. Suspect identifications from simultaneous (but not sequential) lineups were disproportionately linked to suspect-biased lineups. Suspect identifications from suspect-biased lineups were almost twice as frequent for simultaneous than for sequential lineups. Additional experimental tests of these field lineups using mock-witness measures demonstrated that detailed descriptions produced higher lineup bias scores than did brief descriptions, indicating that brief descriptions can hide substantial lineup bias. Mock-witnesses were able to find the suspect in some lineups via cues not readily apparent in the description alone. The data support the idea of using a framework of descriptors to improve the fairness of lineups. Study outcomes demonstrate the realities and nuances of field lineup structure that necessitate updated consideration of the use of mock-witness measures and a blended approach to lineup construction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved

Elaborate thinking from reading in the primary grades

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston UniversityElaborative thinking is an aspect of thought, a significant area in which creative minds are most active. Primary grade children often have vivid imaginations and elaborate on certain ideas. This ability sometimes may be lost as children grow and are taught adult methods of thought processes. It is the authors' hope to cultivate this ability of children to think imaginatively and creatively. Exercises in elaborative thinking have been constructed and successfully tried on intermediate grade children. No such exercises have been available to children in primary grades. The purpose of this study is to construct exercises in elaborative thinking for children in the primary grades, and to conduct an informal evaluation of them

Successful Instructional Reading Practices for African American Male Third-Grade Students

African American male third graders in U.S Title I schools frequently fail to read on grade level. However, in three Title I schools in East Texas, this demographic demonstrated exceptionally high reading ability. This explanatory case study investigated the instructional strategies and practices linked to high reading achievement for these students. The study is grounded in Ladson-Billings’s theory of culturally relevant pedagogy and supported by Vygotsky’s theory of social and cognitive constructivism. The research questions were used to examine the instructional strategies and practices used on each campus that may have resulted in such high reading achievement. This study engenders a deeper understanding of effective instructional reading strategies and practices for African American boys at the elementary level

Sediment Management for Southern California Mountians, Coastal Plains and Shoreline. Part D: Special Inland Studies

In southern California the natural environmental system involves the continual relocation of sedimentary materials. Particles are eroded from inland areas where there is sufficient relief and, precipitation. Then, with reductions in hydraulic gradient along the stream course and at the shoreline, the velocity of surface runoff is reduced and there is deposition. Generally, coarse sand, gravel and larger particles are deposited near the base of the eroding surfaces (mountains and hills) and the finer sediments are deposited on floodplains, in bays or lagoons, and at the shoreline as delta deposits. Very fine silt and clay particles, which make up a significant part of the eroded material, are carried offshore where they eventually deposit in deeper areas. Sand deposited at the shoreline is gradually moved along the coast by waves and currents, and provides nourishment for local beaches. However, eventually much of this littoral material is also lost to offshore areas. Human developments in the coastal region have substantially altered the natural sedimentary processes, through changes in land use, the harvesting of natural resources (logging, grazing, and sand and gravel mining); the construction and operation of water conservation facilities and flood control structures; and coastal developments. In almost all cases these developments have grown out of recognized needs and have well served their primary purpose. At the time possible deleterious effects on the local or regional sediment balance were generally unforeseen or were felt to be of secondary importance. In 1975 a large-scale study of inland and coastal sedimentation processes in southern California was initiated by the Environmental Quality Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and the Center for Coastal Studies at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This volume is one of a series of reports from this study. Using existing data bases, this series attempts to define quantitatively inland and coastal sedimentation processes and identify the effects man has had on these processes. To resolve some issues related to long-term sediment management, additional research and data will be needed. In the series there are four Caltech reports that provide supporting studies for the summary report (EQL Report No. 17). These reports include: EQL Report 17-A Regional Geological History EQL Report 17-B Inland Sediment Movements by Natural Processes EQL Report 17-C Coastal Sediment Delivery by Major Rivers in Southern California EQL Report 17-D -- Special Inland Studies Additional supporting reports on coastal studies (shoreline sedimentation processes, control structures, dredging, etc.) are being published by the Center for Coastal Studies at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California

The impact of the built environment on health behaviours and disease transmission in social systems

The environment plays an important role in disease dynamics and in determining the health of individuals. Specifically, the built environment has a large impact on the prevention and containment of both chronic and infectious disease in humans and in non-human animals. The effects of the built environment on health can be direct, for example, by influencing environmental quality, or indirect by influencing behaviours that impact disease transmission and health. Furthermore, these impacts can happen at many scales, from the individual to the society, and from the design of the plates we eat from to the design of cities. In this paper, we review the ways that the built environment affects both the prevention and the containment of chronic and infectious disease. We bring examples from both human and animal societies and attempt to identify parallels and gaps between the study of humans and animals that can be capitalized on to advance the scope and perspective of research in each respective field. By consolidating this literature, we hope to highlight the importance of built structures in determining the complex dynamics of disease and in impacting the health behaviours of both humans and animals.This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour'

Exploring Preferences for Urban Greening

Sustainable responses to urban development point to the need for higher density neighborhoods coupled with extensive urban tree canopy and greening. However, little research has been conducted with urban residents to ascertain if these urban forms match their preferred setting. This study sought to understand whether higher levels of greening could moderate preference for lower density residential settings when 212 participants rated images for preference. Each of the independent variables, greening and density, made a difference in preference: greener settings were more preferred than less green settings overall, and perceived density was marginally significant in relation to preference. A factor analysis resulted in the grouping of five neighborhood types distinguished by certain characteristics (e.g., greening, buffer, building form) which, together with the qualitative responses suggested insights for making higher density residential environments more preferred. We did not find a significant interaction between greening and perceived density in relation to preference, suggesting that greening does not moderate the density-preference relation

A genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for biliary atresia on 2p16.1 within the gene EFEMP1

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare pediatric cholangiopathy characterized by fibrosclerosing obliteration of the extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to cholestasis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventual liver failure. The etiology of BA remains unknown, although environmental, inflammatory, infectious, and genetic risk factors have been proposed. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a European-American cohort of 343 isolated BA patients and 1716 controls to identify genetic loci associated with BA. A second GWAS was performed in an independent European-American cohort of 156 patients with BA and other extrahepatic anomalies and 212 controls to confirm the identified candidate BA-associated SNPs. Meta-analysis revealed three genome-wide significant BA-associated SNPs on 2p16.1 (rs10865291, rs6761893, and rs727878; P < 5 ×10-8), located within the fifth intron of the EFEMP1 gene, which encodes a secreted extracellular protein implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling, cell proliferation, and organogenesis. RNA expression analysis showed an increase in EFEMP1 transcripts from human liver specimens isolated from patients with either BA or other cholestatic diseases when compared to normal control liver samples. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that EFEMP1 is expressed in cholangiocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in liver specimens from patients with BA and other cholestatic diseases, but it is absent from cholangiocytes in normal control liver samples. Efemp1 transcripts had higher expression in cholangiocytes and portal fibroblasts as compared with other cell types in normal rat liver. The identification of a novel BA-associated locus, and implication of EFEMP1 as a new BA candidate susceptibility gene, could provide new insights to understanding the mechanisms underlying this severe pediatric disorder

The Iowa Homemaker vol.27, no.7

How Is Your Date-Rating?, Ethel Mae Hendrickson, page 2 Home Economics Looks Ahead, Ruth Hackett, page 3 Ingenuity Keynotes Their Home, Barbara Parsons, page 4 “Fourth for Bridge?” – Say Yes, Margaret Rutherford, page 5 Teach Men Homemaking, Agnes Wells, page 6 Vicky Greets The Social Season, Joan Ahern, page 7 What’s New, June Welch, page 8 ’47 Graduates Speak, Muriel Collier, page 11 Here’s an Idea, page 12 Where to Start Your Bookshelf, Margaret McKee, page 14 Keeping Up with Today, Nancy Johnson, page 1

The Iowa Homemaker vol.35, no.4

MEN: on dating, Donna Schneider, page 5 Scrapbook dress-up with paint, Ginny Joy, page 6 Scrapbook dress-up with paper, Margaret Deobald and Judy Klingaman, page 7 Home Economics addition, Betty Gregory, page 9 Old, but not outmoded, Mary Vandecar, page 10 What’s New, Carol Wells, page 12 Music for everyone, Ruth Abbott, page 13 In the shadows of New York, Nancy Merchant, page 14 It’s time to speak up!, Diane Dahms, page 16 Ummm, good, Sally Rosenquist, page 1