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Long-term human hematopoiesis in the SCID-hu mouse.
Coimplantation of small fragments of human fetal thymus and fetal liver into immunodeficient SCID mice resulted in the formation of a unique structure (Thy/Liv). Thereafter, the SCID-hu mice showed reproducible and long-term reconstitution of human hematopoietic activity. For periods lasting 5-11 mo after transplantation, active T lymphopoiesis was observed inside the grafts and cells that were negative for T cell markers were found to have colony-forming units for granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) activity in the methylcellulose colony assay. In addition, structures similar to normal human bone marrow were observed inside the Thy/Liv grafts, consisting of blast cells, mature and immature forms of myelomonocytic cells, and megakaryocytes. These data indicate long-term maintenance, in vivo, of human progenitor cells for the T lymphoid, myelomonocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic lineages. The role of the implanted fetal liver fragments was analyzed using HLA-mismatched Thy/Liv implants. The HLA type of the liver donor was found on T cells and macrophages in the graft. In addition, cells grown in the methylcellulose colony assay and cells in a bone marrow-like structure, the thymic isle, expressed the HLA type of the liver donor. Thus, the Thy/Liv implants provided a microenvironment in which to follow human hematopoietic progenitor cells for multiple lineages. The formation of the Thy/Liv structures also results in a continuous source of human T cells in the peripheral circulation of the SCID-hu mouse. Though present for 5-11 mo, these cells did not engage in a xenograft (graft-versus-host) reaction. This animal model, the first in which multilineage human hematopoietic activity is maintained for long periods of time, should be useful for the analysis of human hematopoiesis in vivo
Homological Type of Geometric Transitions
The present paper gives an account and quantifies the change in topology
induced by small and type II geometric transitions, by introducing the notion
of the \emph{homological type} of a geometric transition. The obtained results
agree with, and go further than, most results and estimates, given to date by
several authors, both in mathematical and physical literature.Comment: 36 pages. Minor changes: A reference and a related comment in Remark
3.2 were added. This is the final version accepted for publication in the
journal Geometriae Dedicat
Poisson-de Rham homology of hypertoric varieties and nilpotent cones
We prove a conjecture of Etingof and the second author for hypertoric
varieties, that the Poisson-de Rham homology of a unimodular hypertoric cone is
isomorphic to the de Rham cohomology of its hypertoric resolution. More
generally, we prove that this conjecture holds for an arbitrary conical variety
admitting a symplectic resolution if and only if it holds in degree zero for
all normal slices to symplectic leaves.
The Poisson-de Rham homology of a Poisson cone inherits a second grading. In
the hypertoric case, we compute the resulting 2-variable Poisson-de
Rham-Poincare polynomial, and prove that it is equal to a specialization of an
enrichment of the Tutte polynomial of a matroid that was introduced by Denham.
We also compute this polynomial for S3-varieties of type A in terms of Kostka
polynomials, modulo a previous conjecture of the first author, and we give a
conjectural answer for nilpotent cones in arbitrary type, which we prove in
rank less than or equal to 2.Comment: 25 page
Constraint on Early Dark Energy from Isotropic Cosmic Birefringence
Polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is sensitive to new
physics violating parity symmetry, such as the presence of a pseudoscalar
"axionlike" field. Such a field may be responsible for early dark energy (EDE),
which is active prior to recombination and provides a solution to the so-called
Hubble tension. The EDE field coupled to photons in a parity-violating manner
would rotate the plane of linear polarization of the CMB and produce a
cross-correlation power spectrum of - and -mode polarization fields with
opposite parities. In this paper, we fit the power spectrum predicted by
the photon-axion coupling of the EDE model with a potential to polarization data from Planck. We find that the unique
shape of the predicted power spectrum is not favored by the data and
obtain a first constraint on the photon-axion coupling constant, (68% CL), for the EDE model that best fits the CMB and
galaxy clustering data. This constraint is independent of the miscalibration of
polarization angles of the instrument or the polarized Galactic foreground
emission. Our limit on may have important implications for embedding EDE in
fundamental physics, such as string theory.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. The stacked EB power spectrum is
publicly available at https://github.com/LilleJohs/Observed-EB-Power-Spectru
Extending Torelli map to toroidal compactifications of Siegel space
It has been known since the 1970s that the Torelli map ,
associating to a smooth curve its jacobian, extends to a regular map from the
Deligne-Mumford compactification to the 2nd Voronoi
compactification .
We prove that the extended Torelli map to the perfect cone (1st Voronoi)
compactification is also regular, and moreover
and share a common Zariski open
neighborhood of the image of . We also show that the map to the
Igusa monoidal transform (central cone compactification) is NOT regular for
; this disproves a 1973 conjecture of Namikawa.Comment: To appear in Inventiones Mathematica
Extremal Transitions and Five-Dimensional Supersymmetric Field Theories
We study five-dimensional supersymmetric field theories with one-dimensional
Coulomb branch. We extend a previous analysis which led to non-trivial fixed
points with symmetry (, , , , ,
, and ) by finding two
new theories: with symmetry and with no symmetry. The
latter is a non-trivial theory with no relevant operators preserving the
super-Poincar\'e symmetry. In terms of string theory these new field theories
enable us to describe compactifications of the type I' theory on with
16, 17 or 18 background D8-branes. These theories also play a crucial role in
compactifications of M-theory on Calabi--Yau spaces, providing physical models
for the contractions of del Pezzo surfaces to points (thereby completing the
classification of singularities which can occur at codimension one in K\"ahler
moduli). The structure of the Higgs branch yields a prediction which unifies
the known mathematical facts about del Pezzo transitions in a quite remarkable
way.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, minor change to appendi
2-elementary subgroups of the space Cremona group
We give a sharp bound for orders of elementary abelian 2-groups of birational
automorphisms of rationally connected threefolds
Variational data assimilation for the initial-value dynamo problem
The secular variation of the geomagnetic field as observed at the Earth's surface results from the complex magnetohydrodynamics taking place in the fluid core of the Earth. One way to analyze this system is to use the data in concert with an underlying dynamical model of the system through the technique of variational data assimilation, in much the same way as is employed in meteorology and oceanography. The aim is to discover an optimal initial condition that leads to a trajectory of the system in agreement with observations. Taking the Earth's core to be an electrically conducting fluid sphere in which convection takes place, we develop the continuous adjoint forms of the magnetohydrodynamic equations that govern the dynamical system together with the corresponding numerical algorithms appropriate for a fully spectral method. These adjoint equations enable a computationally fast iterative improvement of the initial condition that determines the system evolution. The initial condition depends on the three dimensional form of quantities such as the magnetic field in the entire sphere. For the magnetic field, conservation of the divergence-free condition for the adjoint magnetic field requires the introduction of an adjoint pressure term satisfying a zero boundary condition. We thus find that solving the forward and adjoint dynamo system requires different numerical algorithms. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for numerically solving this problem is developed and tested for two illustrative problems in a whole sphere: one is a kinematic problem with prescribed velocity field, and the second is associated with the Hall-effect dynamo, exhibiting considerable nonlinearity. The algorithm exhibits reliable numerical accuracy and stability. Using both the analytical and the numerical techniques of this paper, the adjoint dynamo system can be solved directly with the same order of computational complexity as that required to solve the forward problem. These numerical techniques form a foundation for ultimate application to observations of the geomagnetic field over the time scale of centuries
Constraining the Kahler Moduli in the Heterotic Standard Model
Phenomenological implications of the volume of the Calabi-Yau threefolds on
the hidden and observable M-theory boundaries, together with slope stability of
their corresponding vector bundles, constrain the set of Kaehler moduli which
give rise to realistic compactifications of the strongly coupled heterotic
string. When vector bundles are constructed using extensions, we provide simple
rules to determine lower and upper bounds to the region of the Kaehler moduli
space where such compactifications can exist. We show how small these regions
can be, working out in full detail the case of the recently proposed Heterotic
Standard Model. More explicitely, we exhibit Kaehler classes in these regions
for which the visible vector bundle is stable. On the other hand, there is no
polarization for which the hidden bundle is stable.Comment: 28 pages, harvmac. Exposition improved, references and one figure
added, minor correction
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