Development of nanoinjector devices for electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn)

In mass spectrometric (MS) systems with electrospray ionization (ESI), the sample can be analyzed coupled to separation systems (such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis) or simply by direct infusion. The greatest benefit of the type of injection is the possibility of continuous use of small amounts of samples over a long period of time. This extended analysis time allows a complete study of fragmentation by mass spectrometry, which is critical for structure elucidation of new compounds, or when using an ion trap mass analyzer. The injector filled with the sample is placed at the ESI source inlet creating an electric field suitable for the continuous formation of a spray (solvent and sample) and consequently, the gradual and even release of the sample. For the formation of the spray, is necessary that the injector end is metalized. The formation of a bilayer of titanium and gold provided an excellent attachment of the film, resulting in a nanoinjector for ionization/spray formation in the system for MS. The nanoinjectors showed high repeatability and stability over 100 min by continuous sampling with 10 µL of sample.Em espectrometria de massas (MS) no modo de ionização eletrospray (ESI), as amostras podem ser analisadas com um método prévio de separação (cromatografia líquida ou eletroforese capilar) ou por infusão direta da amostra. A injeção direta apresenta um grande benefício que é a redução do volume de amostra consumido e a possibilidade de amostragem contínua por um período estendido. Este maior tempo de amostragem possibilita a análise completa através de fragmentações sucessivas por espectrometria de massas, crítico quando se busca elucidação estrutural de novos compostos, ou quando se dispõe de um analisador de massas do tipo captura de íons. Neste trabalho, descrevemos uma metodologia de deposição de filme estável na extremidade cônica dos dispositivos de boro-silicato, visando o desenvolvimento de nanoinjetores estáticos. A formação de uma camada dupla de titânio e ouro proporcionou uma excelente fixação do filme, resultando em um nanoinjetor para amostragem por ionização/formação do aerossol no sistema de espectrometria de massas. O objetivo deste filme é manter o contato elétrico no sistema. Os nanoinjetores apresentaram repetibilidade e estabilidade elevadas por mais de 100 min de amostragem contínua com apenas 10 µL de amostra.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da TerraUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto de Química de São CarlosUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências Exatas e da TerraSciEL

Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi and shed vesicle components involved in host immunomodulation and cell invasion

Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is a devastating infectious disease with millions of cases in Latin America, and recently became a public health concern in United States and Europe. Although many efforts have been made for the development of an effective immunotherapy, currently there is no human vaccine for Chagas disease. Thus, the treatment is based only on two drugs that have limited efficacy and in some cases present severe side effects. One restriction for the rational approach to develop new therapies against this disease is the limited information about the proteins, glycolipids and protein posttranslational modifications expressed by different phylogenetic lineages, strains, and stages of the parasite. In this dissertation, I focused in the analysis of glycoconjugates of the T. cruzi surface and secreted vesicles, as well in the analysis of the parasite phosphoproteome. The results presented here demonstrated that the glycocalix of each stage of the parasite has major differences in the composition. The cell surface of the insect stages of the parasite is mainly composed by a highly diverse glycolipid coat, in addition to short highly glycosylated polypeptides. On the other hand, the surface coat of mammalian host-dwelling stages is composed mainly by hundreds of glycoproteins. These findings have many implications for the parasite survival in the insect and mammalian hosts. Next, by examining the phosphoproteins of the epimastigote stage of the parasite, over 200 phosphorylation sites were mapped in proteins with various functions. Taken together, the results from this dissertation brought new insights into T. cruzi physiology and virulence, which may have implications for the design of new therapies against Chagas disease

Subcellular proteomics of Trypanosoma cruzi reservosomes

13 p. : il.Reservosomes are the endpoint of the endocytic pathway in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. These organelles have the particular ability to concentrate proteins and lipids obtained from medium together with the main proteolytic enzymes originated from the secretory pathway, being at the same time a storage organelle and the main site of protein degradation. Subcellular proteomics have been extensively used for profiling organelles in different cell types. Here, we combine cell fractionation and LC-MS/MS analysis to identify reservosome-resident proteins. Starting from a purified reservosome fraction, we established a protocol to isolate reservosome membranes. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to confirm the purity of the fractions. To achieve a better coverage of identified proteins we analyzed the fractions separately and combined the results. LC-MS/MS analysis identified in total 709 T. cruzi-specific proteins; of these, 456 had predicted function and 253 were classified as hypothetical proteins. We could confirm the presence of most of the proteins validated by previous work and identify new proteins from different classes such as enzymes, proton pumps, transport proteins, and others. The definition of the reservosome protein profile is a good tool to assess their molecular signature, identify molecular markers, and understand their relationship with different organelles

Analysis of the Salmonella regulatory network suggests involvement of SsrB and H-NS in σE-regulated SPI-2 gene expression

The extracytoplasmic functioning sigma factor σE is known to play an essential role for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to survive and proliferate in macrophages and mice. However, its regulatory network is not well characterized, especially during infection. Here we used microarray to identify genes regulated by σE in Salmonella grown in three conditions: a nutrient-rich condition and two others that mimic early and late intracellular infection. We found that in each condition σE regulated different sets of genes, and notably, several global regulators. When comparing nutrient-rich and infection-like conditions, large changes were observed in the expression of genes involved in Salmonella pathogenesis island (SPI)-1 type-three secretion system (TTSS), SPI-2 TTSS, protein synthesis, and stress responses. In total, the expression of 58% of Salmonella genes was affected by σE in at least one of the three conditions. An important finding is that σE up-regulates SPI-2 genes, which are essential for Salmonella intracellular survival, by up-regulating SPI-2 activator ssrB expression at the early stage of infection and down-regulating SPI-2 repressor hns expression at a later stage. Moreover, σE is capable of countering the silencing of H-NS, releasing the expression of SPI-2 genes. This connection between E and SPI-2 genes, combined with the global regulatory effect of σE, may account for the lethality of rpoE-deficient Salmonella in murine infection