6,723 research outputs found
Do Water Fountain Jets Really Indicate the Onset of the Morphological Metamorphosis of Circumstellar Envelopes?
The small-scale bipolar jets having short dynamical ages from "water fountain
(WF)" sources are regarded as an indication of the onset of circumstellar
envelope morphological metamorphosis of intermediate-mass stars. Such process
usually happens at the end of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase. However,
recent studies found that WFs could be AGB stars or even early planetary
nebulae. This fact prompted the idea that WFs may not necessarily be objects at
the beginning of the morphological transition process. In the present work, we
show that WFs could have different envelope morphologies by studying their
spectral energy distribution profiles. Some WFs have spherical envelopes that
resembles usual AGB stars, while others have aspherical envelopes which are
more common to post-AGB stars. The results imply that WFs may not represent the
earliest stage of the morphological metamorphosis. We further argue that the
dynamical age of a WF jet, which can be calculated from maser proper motions,
may not be the real age of the jet. The dynamical age cannot be used to justify
the moment when the envelope begins to become aspherical, nor to tell the
concrete evolutionary status of the object. A WF jet could be the innermost
part of a larger well-developed jet, which is not necessarily a young jet.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Near-infrared polarimetric study of the bipolar nebula IRAS 19312+1950
We obtained H-band polarimetric data of IRAS 19312+1950 using the
near-infrared camera (CIAO) on the 8 m Subaru telescope. In order to
investigate the physical properties of the central star and the nebula, we
performed dust radiative transfer modeling and compared the model results with
the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs), the radial profiles of the
total intensity image, and the fraction of linear polarization map. The total
intensity image shows a nearly spherical core with ~3" radius, an S-shaped arm
extending ~10" in the northwest to southeast direction, and an extended lobe
towards the southwest. The polarization map shows a centro-symmetric vector
alignment in almost the entire nebula and low polarizations along the S-shaped
arm. These results suggest that the nebula is accompanied by a central star,
and the S-shaped arm has a physically ring-like structure. From our radiative
transfer modeling, we estimated the stellar temperature, the bolometric
luminosity, and the current mass-loss rate to be 2800 K, 7000 L_sun, and
5.3x10^{-6} M_sun yr^{-1}, respectively. Taking into account previous
observational results, such as the detection of SiO maser emissions and
silicate absorption feature in the 10 m spectrum, our dust radiative
transfer analysis based on our NIR imaging polarimetry suggests that (1) the
central star of IRAS 19312+1950 is likely to be an oxygen-rich, dust-enshrouded
AGB star and (2) most of the circumstellar material originates from other
sources (e.g. ambient dark clouds) rather than as a result of mass loss from
the central star.Comment: 8 pages with 4 figure
SiO and H2O Maser Observations of Red Supergiants in Star Clusters Embedded in the Galactic Disk
We present the result of radio observations of red supergiants in the star
cluster, Stephenson's #2, and candidates for red supergiants in the star
clusters, Mercer et al. (2005)'s #4, #8, and #13, in the SiO and HO maser
lines.The Stephenson's #2 cluster and nearby aggregation at the South-West
contain more than 15 red supergiants. We detected one at the center of
Stephenson's #2 and three in the south-west aggregation in the SiO maser line,
and three of these 4 were also detected in the H2O maser line. The average
radial velocity of the 4 detected objects is 96 km s^{-1}, giving a kinematic
distance of 5.5 kpc, which locates this cluster near the base of the
Scutum-Crux spiral arm. We also detected 6 SiO emitting objects associated with
the other star clusters. In addition, mapping observations in the CO J=1--0
line toward these clusters revealed that an appreciable amount of molecular gas
still remains around Stephenson's #2 cluster in contrast to the prototypical
red-supergiant cluster, Bica et al.'s #122. It indicates that a time scale of
gas expulsion differs considerably in individual clusters.Comment: high res. figures available at
http://www.nro.nao.ac.jp/~lib_pub/report/data/no674.pdf. PASJ 62, No.2 (2010,
April 25 issue) in pres
Rigid microenvironments promote cardiac differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.
While adult heart muscle is the least regenerative of tissues, embryonic cardiomyocytes are proliferative, with embryonic stem (ES) cells providing an endless reservoir. In addition to secreted factors and cell-cell interactions, the extracellular microenvironment has been shown to play an important role in stem cell lineage specification, and understanding how scaffold elasticity influences cardiac differentiation is crucial to cardiac tissue engineering. Though previous studies have analyzed the role of the matrix elasticity on the function of differentiated cardiomyocytes, whether it affects the induction of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells is poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of matrix rigidity on the cardiac differentiation using mouse and human ES cells. Culture on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of varied monomer-to-crosslinker ratios revealed that rigid extracellular matrices promote a higher yield of de novo cardiomyocytes from undifferentiated ES cells. Using an genetically modified ES system that allows us to purify differentiated cardiomyocytes by drug selection, we demonstrate that rigid environments induce higher cardiac troponin T expression, beating rate of foci, and expression ratio of adult α- to fetal β- myosin heavy chain in a purified cardiac population. M-mode and mechanical interferometry image analyses demonstrate that these ES-derived cardiomyocytes display functional maturity and synchronization of beating when co-cultured with neonatal cardiomyocytes harvested from a developing embryo. Together, these data identify matrix stiffness as an independent factor that instructs not only the maturation of the already differentiated cardiomyocytes but also the induction and proliferation of cardiomyocytes from undifferentiated progenitors. Manipulation of the stiffness will help direct the production of functional cardiomyocytes en masse from stem cells for regenerative medicine purposes
- …