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“Making (Up) an Archive: What Could Writing History Look Like in a Digital Age?”

Histor

Transing and Transpassing Across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran

Histor

Verdicts of Science, Rulings of Faith: Transgender/Sexuality in Contemporary Iran

This essay offers an account of the contemporary diagnostic and treatment procedures of transexuality in Iran, situating the official process in a discursive nexus that is engaged in establishing and securing a distinction between the acceptable “true” transexual and other categories that might be confused with it, most notably the wholly unacceptable category of the “true” homosexual. In this process, the category of transexual is made legible as an acceptable form of existence by the condensed working of the legal, the Islamic jurisprudential [fiqhi], the bio-medico-psycho-sexological, and the various contingents of the forces of coercion – which we often call “the state.” This nexus is as well constituted and authorized by transgender/sexuals’ practices of everyday life, self-definitions, and self-productions.Histor

Exercise prescription for Iranian midlife women

Khadigeh Mirzaii NajmabadiShahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IranObjectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of a multimodal intervention (including the Women’s Wellness Program) on increasing levels of physical activity in Iranian midlife women.Study design: This 12-week study was conducted in women aged 50–65 years living in the general population. Women who were allocated to the intervention group (n = 40) received an intervention, which combined a multimodal program of physical activity and health education. Women in the control group continued their normal physical activities (n = 45).Mean outcome measure: The women completed a questionnaire that included measures for items of interest for this analysis, such as menopausal status, sociodemographic, and exercise and activity levels.Results: Analysis of covariance indicated that the intervention was effective in improving women’s physical activity. The test showed that there was a significant difference between intervention and control in current vigorous activity.Conclusion: Physical activity should be encouraged for prevention and reduction of risks for chronic disease and for improvement of health in midlife women. The multimodal intervention program may offer implications for designing and implementing exercise interventions in further studies.Keywords: midlife women, intervention, physical activity, menopaus

The Health Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences: Building Resilient Communities

Studies have identified that trauma experienced as a child directly affects your health later in life. In Sonoma County, one in four children have experienced two or more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) before the age of 18. Twenty-two percent of Sonoma County adults reported experiencing four or more ACEs before the age of 18. With the high rates of ACEs in our community this fieldwork placement aimed to bring awareness and build community capacity to understand and address ACEs and foster resiliency. To raise awareness in our community we developed the ACES and Resiliency Fellowship Series, which trained 60 fellows in ACEs science and resiliency. To further extend outreach we held a presence on the national ACEs Connection networking website. This was a great resource and archive for Sonoma County to share best practices with other communities, as well as our own. To assess the impact and knowledge retention of this work, surveys were completed at all fellowship events. Future works will include potentially training another cohort of trainers, as well as engaging key stakeholders at the policy level to shift the question from “What’s wrong with you?” to “What happened to you?

Developing and psychometric of an instrument for reproductive health need assessment related to HIV/Aids in Iranian adult men

Background: Due to the socio-cultural characteristics of Iranian adult men and lack of standardized questionnaires to assess their reproductive health associated with sexually transmitted diseases and HIV / AIDS, this study is done with the goal of development and psychometrics of a valid relevant instrument.Method: A mixed method was used in this study. The reproductive health needs of men were investigated using qualitative content analysis according to the views of 40 people who participated in the study and were chosen via purposive sampling. Accordingly, a psychometric questionnaire was designed and features of the questionnaire were determined using formal, content, and construct validity as well as internal consistency reliability and stability.Findings: The validity index (0.92) and construct validity was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, which resulted in five factors. Its reliability was estimated using internal consistency, ndCronbach's alpha was 0.88. The analysis ofthe instrument consistency revealed that intraclass correlation index in two phases within two weeks was 0.98.Finally, a questionnaire with 43 items and 5 factors (required) consisting of "gender-based education and services", "overcoming the challenges of educational services", "adequate support", "correction of cultural beliefs" and "empowerment of women" was prepared.Conclusion: The designed instrument is valid and reliable. It is culturally appropriate. It is suggested to be used to assess reproductive health needs of adult men in relation to HIV / AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.Keywords: men, needs assessments, psychometric tools, AIDS, sexually transmitted disease

In-vitro-Fluoridierung von Zahnschmelz und der Einfluss der Pellikel - Untersuchung der Reinstoffe Olaflur und Zinnfluorid

Background: Fluorides are commonly used for caries prevention in everyday life. Although the exact mode of action has not been clarified until now. Question: In the context of this study, it was examined to what extent under different conditions a homogeneous, stable fluoride layer can be generated on enamel. In addition the influence of the pellicle on the fluoridation was investigated. Methods: For the fluoridation, 1,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm solutions were made of the pure substances olaflur or stannous fluoride. The generated fluoride layers and their distribution were visualized using scanning electron microscopy and the fluoride content was measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The 5-minute incubation of the enamel specimens with the respective fluoride solution was always carried out in-vitro. The persistence of the generated fluoride layer was investigated using in-vitro as well as a combination of in-vitro and in-situ experiments. As part of the in-vitro test series, after fluoridation, the enamel specimens were exposed to different intensive in-vitro cleaning protocols with distilled water (5 s, 6 x 5 min, 1 h, 5 min ultrasonic bath, 24 h) and compared with each other. Within the combined in-vitro and in-situ experiments, the influence of the pellicle was examined with the 10,000 ppm olaflur solution. Here the enamel specimens were either first incubated in-vitro with the olaflur solution and then exposed intraorally for 3 min or 2 h – or vice versa, the specimens were first exposed intraorally and afterwards in-vitro incubated with the olaflur solution. In order to avoid swallowing an excess amount of fluoride, the specimens were cleaned in distilled water for 5 s prior to intraoral exposure. Results: Under in vitro conditions, the 1,000 ppm olaflur solution or stannous fluoride solution did not produce a satisfactory, persistent fluoride layer on the pellicle-free tooth enamel. Using a 10,000 ppm concentration of fluoride in the olaflur solution a stable and homogeneous fluoride layer was generated on the tooth enamel. Only after being stored in distilled water for 24 hours the fluoride content was below the detection limit. As part of the blockface imaging it was shown that the generated fluoride cover layer consisted of calcium fluoride globules. Since the stannous fluoride solution could not generate a homogeneous fluoride layer in either a concentration of 1,000 ppm or 10,000 ppm, and because of the precipitation of the stannous fluoride, the stannous fluoride solution was excluded from the combined in-vitro and in-situ experiments. In the combined in-vitro and in-situ series of experiments, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the specimens, which were first incubated and then exposed intraorally, showed a homogenous cover layer of globules with a high fluoride content. However, if the intraoral exposure was carried out first and then the incubation with the olaflur solution, only the fluoridation of the specimens with the 3 min pellicle was successful. No fluoride could be detected on the 2 h-pellicle-covered tooth enamel. Conclusions: It was only possible to establish with the 10,000 ppm olaflur solution stable fluoride layers on the pellicle-free enamel as well as on the pellicle-covered tooth enamel. The 2 h pellicle layer, on the other hand, represented a barrier to the generation of a calcium fluoride layer. The study results show that the concentration, the frequency and the time of the fluoridation play an essential role for the fluoridation’s success. The study results show that regarding to the fluoridation success the olaflur solution was superior compared to the stannous fluoride solution.Hintergrund: Die Anwendung von Fluoriden im Alltag gilt als gängige Maßnahme der Kariesprävention. Allerdings ist die genaue Wirkungsweise der Fluoride bis heute noch nicht gänzlich aufgeklärt. Fragestellung: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich unter verschiedenen Bedingungen eine homogene, stabile Fluoriddeckschicht auf dem Zahnschmelz generieren lässt und welchen Einfluss die Pellikel auf die Fluoridierung hat. Methoden: Zur Fluoridierung wurden jeweils 1.000 ppm- und 10.000 ppm-haltige Lösungen aus den Reinstoffen Olaflur bzw. Zinnfluorid hergestellt. Die Visualisierung der generierten Fluoriddeckschichten sowie deren Verteilung erfolgte mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und die Messung des Fluoridgehaltes mittels Energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie. Die 5-minütige Inkubation der bovinen Schmelzprüfkörper mit der jeweiligen Fluoridlösung erfolgte in-vitro. Die Untersuchung der Persistenz der generierten Fluoriddeckschicht erfolgte sowohl mittels in-vitro- als auch mittels kombinierten in-vitro- und in-situ-Experimenten. Im Rahmen der in-vitro-Versuchsreihe wurden die Schmelzprüfkörper nach der Fluoridierung unterschiedlich intensiven in-vitro-Reinigungsprotokollen mit destilliertem Wasser (5 s, 6 x 5 min, 1 h, 5 min Ultraschallbad, 24 h) unterzogen und miteinander verglichen. Im Zuge der kombinierten in-vitro- und in-situ-Experimente wurde mit der 10.000 ppm-haltigen Olaflurlösung der Einfluss der Pellikel auf die Fluoridierung untersucht. Hierbei wurden die Prüfkörper entweder zuerst mit der Olaflurlösung in-vitro inkubiert und anschließend für 3 min bzw. 2 h intraoral exponiert oder umgekehrt – zuerst intraoral exponiert und anschließend in-vitro mit der Olaflurlösung inkubiert. Um ein Verschlucken überschüssiger Fluoridmengen zu vermeiden, wurden die Prüfkörper vor der intraoralen Exposition 5 s in destilliertem Wasser gereinigt. Ergebnisse: Unter in-vitro-Bedingungen ließ sich mit der 1.000 ppm-haltigen Olaflurlösung bzw. mit der Zinnfluoridlösung keine zufriedenstellende, persistente Fluoriddeckschicht auf dem pellikelfreien Zahnschmelz generieren. Daher wurde die Konzentration auf 10.000 ppm erhöht. Mit dieser Konzentration konnte mit der Olaflurlösung eine stabile und homogene Fluoriddeckschicht auf dem Zahnschmelz etabliert werden. Lediglich nach der 24-stündigen Lagerung in destilliertem Wasser befand sich der Fluoridgehalt unter der Nachweisgrenze. Im Rahmen der Blockface-Imaging-Untersuchung wurde gezeigt, dass es sich bei der generierten Fluoriddeckschicht um Calciumfluoridglobuli handelte. Da bei der Zinnfluoridlösung sowohl mit 1.000 ppm- als auch mit 10.000 ppm-haltiger Lösung keine homogene Fluoriddeckschicht generiert werden konnte und es zudem zu Präzipitationen des Zinnfluorids kam, wurde die Zinnfluoridlösung für weitere Experimente ausgeschlossen. Bei der kombinierten in-vitro- und in-situ-Experimentreihe zeigten die Rasterelektronenmikroskopie- und die Energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie-Analyse der Prüfkörper, welche erst inkubiert und anschließend intraoral exponiert wurden, eine homogene Calciumfluoridglobuli-Deckschicht mit hohem Fluoridgehalt. Erfolgte allerdings zunächst die intraorale Exposition und anschließend die Inkubation mit der Olaflurlösung, war lediglich die Fluoridierung der Prüfkörper mit der 3 min-Pellikel erfolgreich. Auf dem 2 h-Pellikel-bedeckten Zahnschmelz ließ sich kein Fluorid nachweisen. Schlussfolgerungen: Es gelang lediglich mit der 10.000 ppm-haltigen Olaflurlösung stabile Calciumfluoriddeckschichten auf dem pellikelfreien sowie auf dem pellikelbedeckten Zahnschmelz zu etablieren. Die 2 h-Pellikel stellte hingegen eine Barriere für die Generierung einer Calciumfluoriddeckschicht dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass die Konzentration, die Frequenz und der Zeitpunkt der Fluoridierung eine wesentliche Rolle für den Fluoridierungserfolg spielen. Die Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass die Olaflurlösung gegenüber der Zinnfluoridlösung im Hinblick auf die Etablierung einer Fluoriddeckschicht deutlich überlegen war

Assessing iranian adolescent girls' needs for sexual and reproductive health information

Purpose To explore the views and experiences of adolescent girls and key adults regarding the necessity of providing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information and services for adolescent girls in Iran. Methods This was a qualitative study; the data were coded and categorized in content analysis by MAXQDA10 and were gathered through focus groups with adolescent girls and their mothers and semi-structured interviews with school counselors, sociologists, health providers, state and nongovernmental directors of health programs, clergy, and health policy makers in the Iranian cities of Mashhad, Tehran, Shahroud, and Qom. Results There were six main reasons for the need to provide SRH services for adolescent girls: a lack of adequate knowledge about SRH, easy access to inaccurate information sources, cultural and social changes, increasing risky sexual behaviors among adolescents, religion's emphasis on sex training of children and adolescents, and the existence of cultural taboos. Conclusions Most participants confirmed the necessity of providing SRH services for adolescent girls, so instead of talking about provision or non-provision of these services, it is important for policy makers to plan and provide SRH services that can be consistent with cultural and religious values for adolescent girls. © 2014 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved