6 research outputs found

    Analyse de l'expression de gĂšnes induits dans les cellules de granulosa du follicule ovulatoire bovin

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    ThÚse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal

    Dynamique des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants Saheliens dans Les Exploitations Rurales au Senegal

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    Les races locales de petits ruminants (PR) sahĂ©liens du SĂ©nĂ©gal sont trĂšs adaptĂ©es Ă  l’élevage extensif malgrĂ© les contraintes alimentaires et sanitaires surtout dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique. Importante source de protĂ©ines pour les populations, les PR leur gĂ©nĂšrent aussi des revenus substantiels. En dĂ©pit de cette importance socio- Ă©conomique, peu d’études ont portĂ© sur les performances et la gestion des animaux dans leur environnement d’élevage. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier la dynamique des troupeaux de PR dans la zone semi-aride du Ferlo. Ainsi, des enquĂȘtes rĂ©trospectives transversales par la mĂ©thode des 12 derniers mois ont Ă©tĂ©rĂ©alisĂ©es dans 52 troupeaux ruraux durant le mois d‘avril 2017. Sur l’ensemble des troupeaux enquĂȘtĂ©s 604 ovins et 450 caprins ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s avec des tailles moyennes de 19,48±9,63 et 21,43±11,35 tĂȘtes par troupeau respectivement pour les ovins et les caprins. Le taux de mises-bas annuel est de 84,1 ± 5,4% pour les chĂšvres et 85,5 ± 5,3% pour les brebis. La mortalitĂ© a particuliĂšrement touchĂ© les jeunes animaux avec des frĂ©quences respectives de 16,8 ± 3,0 et 13,2 ± 3,0% pour les ovins et les caprins. L’achat a Ă©tĂ© le principal motif d’entrĂ©e d’animaux dans les exploitations tandis que la mortalitĂ© et la vente ont constituĂ© les principaux motifs de sortie respectivement pour les ovins et les caprins. Le taux d’exploitation de 23,8 ± 2,1% pour les ovins contre 26,8 ± 2,5% pour les caprins et les mĂąles adultes sont principalement les plus exploitĂ©s. Les contraintes et constats identifiĂ©s dans cette Ă©tude doivent ĂȘtre pris en compte pour le dĂ©veloppement des filiĂšres ovine et caprine dans la zone semi-aride du SĂ©nĂ©gal. Local breeds of Sahelian small-ruminant (SR) in Senegal are highly adapted to extensive farming systems despite feeding and health constraints, especially in a climate change context. As an important source of protein for populations, SR also generate substantial income. Despite this importance, their productivity in rural farming systems is rarely studied. The main objective of this study is to analyze demographic dynamics of SR’s flocks in the Ferlo zone using last twelve months retrospective surveys. The surveys were carried out on 52 flocks belonging to 32 rural households. With a predominance of adult females, a total number of 604 sheep and 450 goats are counted with an average size of 19.48 ± 9.63 and 21.43 ± 11.35 heads per flockrespectively for sheep and goat. The annual birth rate was 84.1 ± 5.4 for goats and 85.5 ± 5.3% for sheep. Young animals were particularly affected by mortalitywith a frequency of 16.8 ± 3.0 and 13.2 ± 3.0% respectively for sheep and goats. Purchase was the main reason for entrance of animals into the flocks. For animal exits, mortalities were the main reason for sheep whereas for goats, sales were the main reasons. The global offtake rate was 23.8 ± 2.1% for sheep and 26.8 ± 2.5% for goats and adult males were mostly concerned. Despite low productivity, SR breeding remains an important economic activity for the rural populations

    Genetic diversity of bovine populations raised in Senegal

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    BACKGROUND: The Gobra zebu and N'dama taurine cattle breeds are important genetic animal resources for Senegal. For several decades, genetic breeding programmes have been devoted to them at the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Dahra and Kolda. Since then, these animals have been subjected to mass selection, mainly in closed selection nuclei. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the genetic diversity within these selection nuclei in order to orient future selection strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on the Gobra zebu and N'dama taurine populations from selection nuclei of Dahra and Kolda respectively, which were compared to 5 other populations of the main cattle breeds in Senegal. One hundred eighty (180) animals were genotyped with 21 microsatellite markers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation. RESULTS: All populations were found to be polymorphic with a PIC of over 55%. However, animals from the CRZ‐Dahra (indigenous) and CRZ‐Kolda stations had the lowest mean heterozygosity (0.643 and 0.591 respectively). The other populations had an average heterozygosity between 0.650 and 0.737. CONCLUSION: The cattle populations maintained at the different CRZs show a lower genetic diversity than the other populations described in our study. The main reasons for this are reproductive isolation and selection pressure on these populations

    Etude Phénotypique des Taurins Ndama du Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Kolda (Sénégal)

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    Au Sud du SĂ©nĂ©gal, du fait de la prĂ©sence de glossines, le taurin Ndama ou Bos taurus taurus est la principale race bovine Ă©levĂ©e par les agropasteurs. L’importance indĂ©niable de ces bovins dans la vie socio-Ă©conomique a conduit Ă  la crĂ©ation du Centre de Recherches zootechniques de Kolda (CRZ-K) et l’initiation d’un programme de sĂ©lection Ă  noyau fermĂ© dĂšs 1972 pour amĂ©liorer les performances des taurins. L’actuel noyau de sĂ©lection ouvert est constituĂ© par des animaux appartenant au CRZ-K et ceux de la CoopĂ©rative des Agro-Ă©leveurs SĂ©lectionneurs de la Ndama (CASE-Ndama). L’objectif de cette Ă©tude est de caractĂ©riser phĂ©notypiquement les taurins Ndama du noyau de sĂ©lection. La collecte des donnĂ©es phĂ©notypiques composĂ©es de 15 variables qualitatives et 17 quantitatives a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur 118 taurins adultes agĂ©s d’au moins quatre ans. L’évaluation des performances pondĂ©rales a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e grĂące Ă  l’analyse des donnĂ©es longitudinales de 1970 bovins durant la pĂ©riode de 1973 Ă  2016. Les variables qualitatives ont Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ©es en pourcentages et pour les variables quantitatives, une analyse descriptive et une comparaison des moyennes ont Ă©tĂ© faites. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la majoritĂ© des animaux prĂ©sentait la mĂȘme apparence avec une robe fauve uniforme, des cornes bicolores en lyre, des muqueuses peu pigmentĂ©es. Avec un dimorphisme marquĂ© chez les bovins, les animaux adultes ont une hauteur au garrot moyenne de 106,9 ± 3,5 cm et un poids moyen de 230,9 ± 40,6 kg. Les moyennes de la longueur du corps et du pĂ©rimĂštre thoracique Ă©taient de 112,0 ± 7,9 cm et 150,0 ± 8,4 cm respectivement. Cette Ă©tude tout en montrant la hausse des mensurations corporelles des animaux par rapport Ă  leurs congĂ©nĂšres Ă©levĂ©s dans les exploitations rurales souligne la baisse des performances pondĂ©rales survenue pendant certaines pĂ©riodes durant lesquelles le programme a connu des contraintes. In southern Senegal, because of tsetse flies, Ndama taurine or Bos taurus taurus is the main bovine breed raised by farmers. The undeniable importance of these cattle in the socio-economic life led to the creation of the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques of Kolda (CRZ-K) and the initiation of a selection program since 1972 to improve animal productivity. The current open breeding nucleus is composed by animals belonging to the CRZ-K and those of farmers Ndama Agro-Breeders' Cooperative (CASE-Ndama). The aim of this study is to phenotypically characterize Ndama taurins of the selection nucleus. The phenotypic data collected for 15 qualitative and 17 quantitative variables was carried out on 118 adult bulls at least four years old. Longitudinal data from 1970 cattle during the period 1973 to 2016 were used to evaluate weight performances. The results showed that the majority of animals had the same appearance with a uniform fawn color, black and white lyre horns and fairly pigmented mucous membranes. Sexual dimorphism was marked. Adult animals had an average height of 106.9 ± 3.5 cm and average weight of 230.9 ± 40.6 kg. The mean of body length and chest perimeter were 112.0 ± 7.9 cm and 150.0 ± 8.4 cm respectively. This study showed the increase in body measurements of animals compared to those in rural farms and highlighted the decline in weight performances occurred during certain periods where the program had constraints

    Redesign and Validation of a Real-Time RT-PCR to Improve Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses of the H9 Subtype

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    Avian influenza viruses of the H9 subtype cause significant losses to poultry production in endemic regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East and pose a risk to human health. The availability of reliable and updated diagnostic tools for H9 surveillance is thus paramount to ensure the prompt identification of this subtype. The genetic variability of H9 represents a challenge for molecular-based diagnostic methods and was the cause for suboptimal detection and false negatives during routine diagnostic monitoring. Starting from a dataset of sequences related to viruses of different origins and clades (Y439, Y280, G1), a bioinformatics workflow was optimized to extract relevant sequence data preparatory for oligonucleotides design. Analytical and diagnostic performances were assessed according to the OIE standards. To facilitate assay deployment, amplification conditions were optimized with different nucleic extraction systems and amplification kits. Performance of the new real-time RT-PCR was also evaluated in comparison to existing H9-detection methods, highlighting a significant improvement of sensitivity and inclusivity, in particular for G1 viruses. Data obtained suggest that the new assay has the potential to be employed under different settings and geographic areas for a sensitive detection of H9 viruses
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