2-Carboxy­pyridinium hydrogen chloranilate

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C6H6NO2 +·C6HCl2O4 −, the pyridine ring and the mean plane of the hydrogen chloranilate anion form a dihedral angle of 77.40 (8)°. The ionic components are held together by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a supra­molecular ladder. C—H⋯O inter­actions are also present

Studies on the Organic Antibody by the Precipitation Test in the Agar Layer Part II Studies on the Clinical Significance of Auto-liver Antibody

Liver diseases, especially epidemic hepatitis were studied, employing the Oudin's precipitation test in the agar layer. And the results were as follows. 1. The auto-antibodies corresponding to the liver and kidney antigens were observed, by the Oudin's precipitation test in the agar layer, on 9 cases of acute hepatitis, 17 cases of chronic hepatitis, 6 cases of liver cirrhosis and other diseases. In liver diseases, it remarkably reacted to the liver antigen and showed many precipitation bands, and the precipitation band became numerous with the progress of disease in order of acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, it remarkably reacted to the kidney antigen and showed many precipitation bands, in kidney diseases. 2. Comparing each form on the classification of epidemic hepatitis with the results of the Oudin's precipitation test in the agar layer, the liver antigen remarkably reacted to the typical form, jaundiced form and influenza form and the precipitation band appeared few in the gastroenteric form, mixed form and latent form, in comparison with the former. On the other hand, the kidney antigen showed no difference on the number of precipitation band in each form of kidney diseases. 3. Comparing the number of days after the attack of epidemic hepatitis with the results of the Oudin's precipitation test in the agar layer by the liver antigen, the appearance of precipitation band was remarkably seen at 6-9th month after the attack of disease and it became more remarkable at the chronic stadium and the shifting stadium to liver cirrhosis. 4. Comparing the liver function with the Oudin's precipitation test in the agar layer, the higher the positive serum colloidal reaction (the results judged on the serum Takata's test, Gross test, Weltman's test, thymol turbidity test, cobalt chloride test, colloidal red test, cephalin-cholesterol flocculation test and cadmium test etc.) became, the more was the number of precipitation band. No correlation between the above precipitation test and the hippuric acid test was observed, but there were some correlation between the above, precipitation test and the bromsulphalein test, and the appearance of precipitation band was remarkably observed on the cases with the liver function damage. 5. As for the relation of it with the blood picture, the more the precipitation band corresponding to the liver antigen appeared, the fewer were the hemoglobin value, erythrocyte, thrombocyte, leukocyte and monocyte count, and the more were the lymphocyte and eosinocyte count. 6. As for the relation of it with the serum protein value showed the declining tendency, the albumin value on the proportional picture of serum protein showed the decreasing tendency, the α-, β- globulin value slightly showed the decreasing tendency and the γ-globulin value showed the increasing tendency

Studies on the Organic Antibody by the Precipitation Test in the Agar Layer Part I Studies on the Homogeneous Organic Antibody

The production and the specificity of hemogeneous organic antibody were investigated by the precipitation test in the agar layer. And the results were as follows. 1. Sensitizing the homogeneous animal (rabbit) by the homogeneous (rabbit) organic (liver, kidney or spleen) antigen, the substance corresponding to the above organic antigen was identified in the sensitized rabbit's blood and the precipitation band was clearly found by the precipitation test of Oudin's method in the agar layer. And the production of antibody by the extracted antigen of homogeneous organ with physiological salt solution was certified. 2. Sensitizing by the organic antigen, the precipitation band appeared most remarkably around the 4 th week after the sensitization. 3. There were both of antigen excess zone and antibody excess zone and the precipitation band was clearly separated on the use of liver antigen in dilution of 16 times, kidney and spleen antigen in dilution of 8 times and antiserum in dilution of 8 times, when the organic antibody of 40% was used as the original solution. 4. In the cases sensitized by the organic antigen, the migration velocity of precipitation band was proportional to the squar root of time after the accumulation. 5. Carrying out the Oudin's precipitation test in the agar layer on the use of the liver, kidney and spleen antigen of homogeneous and heterogeneous animals, the number of the appeared precipitation band was much in th cases sensitized by the homogeneous antigen than that in the cases sensitized by the heterogeneous antigen. As for the antigen-antibody reaction among the organs in the same system, the precipitation band appeared more numerous on the antigen-antibody reaction among the homogeneous organs than that on the antigen-antibody reaction among the heterogeneous organs and the relative specificity of organic antigen was observed. On the other hand, the number of precipitation band appeared at that time was 3-4 in the cases sensitized by the liver antigen, 2-3 in the cases sensitized by kidney and spleen antigen. In other words, the number of precipitation band showed more numerous in the cases sensitized by the liver antigen than other cases. 6. The reaction of each antigen with the antibody corresponding to each antigen was observed on the cases sensitized by each organ and the appeared state of precipitation band was also hourly observed. The precipitation band appeared the most remarkable around the 3 rd. week after the end of sensitization and the precipitation band corresponding to the organic antigen appeared more early in the cases sensitized by the spleen antigen than that in the cases sensitized by other organic antigen. Moreover, It was seen that the disappeared precipitation band appeared again after several weeks or the number of precipitation band increased after several weeks. 7. On the sensitization of rabbit by the phosphatid, extracted from each organ, with the addition of neat serum, it's antiserum showed more precipitant band to it's organic phosphatid than that to each organic phosphatid, and the organic antigen relatively showed the specificity. 8. Studying on the precipitation band by the immuno-electrophoresis, it appeared 6-7 in the cases sensitized by the rabbit's liver antigen and 5-6 in the cases sensitized by the rabbit's kidney and spleen antigen. On the other hand, the precipitation band appeared 3 by the method in the cases sensitized by each organic antigen of rabbit's liver, kidney and spleen

Access of Hydrogen-Radicals to the Peptide-Backbone as a Measure for Estimating the Flexibility of Proteins Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A factor for estimating the flexibility of proteins is described that uses a cleavage method of “in-source decay (ISD)” coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). The MALDI-ISD spectra of bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin and thioredoxin show discontinuous intense ion peaks originating from one-side preferential cleavage at the N-Cα bond of Xxx-Asp, Xxx-Asn, Xxx-Cys and Gly-Xxx residues. Consistent with these observations, Asp, Asn and Gly residues are also identified by other flexibility measures such as B-factor, turn preference, protection and fluorescence decay factors, while Asp, Asn, Cys and Gly residues are identified by turn preference factor based on X-ray crystallography. The results suggest that protein molecules embedded in/on MALDI matrix crystals partly maintain α-helix and that the reason some of the residues are more susceptible to ISD (Asp, Asn, Cys and Gly) and others less so (Ile and Val) is because of accessibility of the peptide backbone to hydrogen-radicals from matrix molecules. The hydrogen-radical accessibility in MALDI-ISD could therefore be adopted as a factor for measuring protein flexibility

Serum Hepatitis Resulted from Blood Transfusion

In recent years there have been many cases, with increasing frequency, of serum hepatitis resulted from blood transfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical feature, prognosis and prophylaxis of serum hepatitis followed by blood transfusion. The results obtained were as follows; 1) Incidence of serum hepatitis among the patients who had blood transfusion at local institutions in Okayama City was 3.3% in 1957 and 4.7% in 1958, on the other hand, at Okayama University Hospital in 1958 it was 5.0% in the First Surgical Division, 5.4% the Second Surgery and 5.2% OBGYN respectively. The patients with serum hepatitis had received the amount 2,600 to 1,120 cc of blood, whereas 810 to 1,120 cc in the cases who never developed serum hepatitis after blood transfusion. 2) Mean incubation period was 72.8 days ranging 19 to 180 days calculated from the date of last blood transfusion. Prodremal stage varied from 1 to 20 days, average 6.1 days, icteric stage 7 to 15 days, average 35.8 days, and convalescent stage 7 to 200 days, average 30.0 days. 3) Characteristic initial symptoms were anorexia, malaise and jaundice by which fairly number of the cases noticed the onset of the disease. Few had febrile course but low grade in most of the cases. 4) Laboratory data were obtained from the 20 cases of serum hepatitis admitted to our First Mebical Division. Serum bilirubin showed the maximum level on the 10 th day, average 13.0 mg% . No significant changes were noted in peripheral blood picture but for a slight initial monocytosis. SGO-T and SGP-T presented a elevation earlier than that of serum bilirubin, maximum on or about the 5 th day and then decreased abruptly. Serum colloidal liver function tests; in initial stage, positive Takata's reaction in 51.%, positive CCF 46% and TTT 58% were noted, but even after 100 th day Takata's reaction was positive in 25% of the cases. 5) Follow-up studies were made on 49 serum hepatitis cases discharged from our hospital with complete recovery. 69% of these had subjective symptems in some sort or another. Enlargement of the liver was noted in 20% of the cases. 33 cases were studied with special reference to liver function tests and liver biopsy. It was revealed that 43% of the cases still had impairment of liver function and that by means of liver biopsy, postnecrotic cirrhosis was found 9.1% of the cases. Therefore, the prognosis of serum hepatitis of this type was considered to be grave. 6) For the purpose of prophylaxis, 300 to 600 mg of gamma globulin was simultaneously administered on blood transfusion in 38 cases. Inspite of this, 4 cases suffered from serum hepatitis later on, and no definite prophylactic effect of gamma globulin was noted

Serum Hepatitis Resulted from Blood Transfusion

In recent years there have been many cases, with increasing frequency, of serum hepatitis resulted from blood transfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical feature, prognosis and prophylaxis of serum hepatitis followed by blood transfusion. The results obtained were as follows; 1) Incidence of serum hepatitis among the patients who had blood transfusion at local institutions in Okayama City was 3.3% in 1957 and 4.7% in 1958, on the other hand, at Okayama University Hospital in 1958 it was 5.0% in the First Surgical Division, 5.4% the Second Surgery and 5.2% OBGYN respectively. The patients with serum hepatitis had received the amount 2,600 to 1,120 cc of blood, whereas 810 to 1,120 cc in the cases who never developed serum hepatitis after blood transfusion. 2) Mean incubation period was 72.8 days ranging 19 to 180 days calculated from the date of last blood transfusion. Prodremal stage varied from 1 to 20 days, average 6.1 days, icteric stage 7 to 15 days, average 35.8 days, and convalescent stage 7 to 200 days, average 30.0 days. 3) Characteristic initial symptoms were anorexia, malaise and jaundice by which fairly number of the cases noticed the onset of the disease. Few had febrile course but low grade in most of the cases. 4) Laboratory data were obtained from the 20 cases of serum hepatitis admitted to our First Mebical Division. Serum bilirubin showed the maximum level on the 10 th day, average 13.0 mg% . No significant changes were noted in peripheral blood picture but for a slight initial monocytosis. SGO-T and SGP-T presented a elevation earlier than that of serum bilirubin, maximum on or about the 5 th day and then decreased abruptly. Serum colloidal liver function tests; in initial stage, positive Takata's reaction in 51.%, positive CCF 46% and TTT 58% were noted, but even after 100 th day Takata's reaction was positive in 25% of the cases. 5) Follow-up studies were made on 49 serum hepatitis cases discharged from our hospital with complete recovery. 69% of these had subjective symptems in some sort or another. Enlargement of the liver was noted in 20% of the cases. 33 cases were studied with special reference to liver function tests and liver biopsy. It was revealed that 43% of the cases still had impairment of liver function and that by means of liver biopsy, postnecrotic cirrhosis was found 9.1% of the cases. Therefore, the prognosis of serum hepatitis of this type was considered to be grave. 6) For the purpose of prophylaxis, 300 to 600 mg of gamma globulin was simultaneously administered on blood transfusion in 38 cases. Inspite of this, 4 cases suffered from serum hepatitis later on, and no definite prophylactic effect of gamma globulin was noted

Comparison of radiological characteristics between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter study

Abstract To evaluate the radiological differences between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using whole spine computed tomography (CT), including the spine and sacroiliac joint (SIJ). The ossification and bridging of spinal ligament and fusion of the facet joint and SIJ were evaluated in 111 patients who were diagnosed with DISH and 27 patients with AS on the whole spine CT. The number of anterior bridging and shape of bridging (candle-wax-type/ smooth-type) were also evaluated. We further evaluated patients with DISH and AS by matching their age and sex. Complete SIJ fusion was more common in AS, whereas anterior and posterior bony bridging around SIJ was more common in DISH. However, 63% of patients with DISH had a partial or complete fusion. In spinal anterior bony bridging, the majority of patients with AS had the smooth-type, whereas those with DISH had the candle-wax-type. However, some of the patients with DISH (11%) had smooth-type. Intervertebral facet joint fusion is more common in AS. The number of anterior spinal bony bridging was greater in AS than in DISH, especially in the lumbar spine. These results are useful in differentiating DISH from AS and should therefore be considered when making a diagnosis