Use of Programming within the Music Departments of Elementary Schools: From Theory to Practice

平成32年度から，小学校段階においてプログラミング教育が実施される。小学校段階でのプログラミング教育においては，各教科等の特質をいかに反映させるかが重要である。本稿は，プログラミングと親和性が高いとされる音楽科に焦点を当て，そのあり方を考察したものである。まず，書籍及びウェブサイトからこれまでの実践事例を収集し整理した。次に，実践事例での活動を参照しながら，文部科学省が示した「コンピュータを動作させるための手順（例）」を踏まえ，音楽科の特質を反映させた学習の過程を検討した。その結果，小学校音楽科の表現領域では，「思いや意図」が試行錯誤を通して明確になる点が重要な特質であることから，そのことを反映させたプログラミング活動を行うことの重要性を指摘した。また，多くの実践事例においてコンピュータが用いられていたことから，学習の過程におけるコンピュータの役割についても考察した。From 2020, programming education will be enforced at elementary school level. In programming education at elementary school, it is important to reflect the characteristics of each subject’s curriculum. Herein, the focus is on the potential of programming and computational thinking within the music departments of elementary schools. Firstly, it is essential to collate past practical cases from books and websites. Next, while referring to these activities, it is important to consider the learning processes relevant to music education that can be taught by “running a computer”, as outlined by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. It is clear that programming activities will need to be developed through trial and error to fulfill their role of expression in the music departments. In addition, the use of a computer in music lessons needs to be explicitly defined to be effective. In the future, it will be a worthwhile to develop programming applications in the domain of appreciation of music

“Tinkering” with Programming Education in Music Classes at Elementary Schools: Music-Making Activities Using Computer Software

Beginning in 2020, programming education will be required in elementary schools in Japan. In addition, it is necessary to consider how to programming education can be implemented in music classes. This paper discusses the importance of tinkering in music-making activities during programming education in elementary schools. First, “tinkering” was defined and some characteristics considered. Some aspects of tinkering in music-making activities were considered in addition to some advantages of tinkering with computer software. Although tinkering greatly differs from computational thinking, the possibility of adapting them was considered. Finally, the significance of tinkering in both music and programming studies is pointed out

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN THE EXTREMITIES ALONG MERIDIANS IN PATIENTS WITH UNILATERAL PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

ABSTRACTObjectives: Electrical properties along meridians may reflect the flow of Ki energy, a type of suhtle energy. The objectives of this study were to characterize the laterality (disease versus non-disease side) of electrical properties along lung (LU) meridian in patients with unilateral pulmonary tuberculosis, and to examine the changes of the electrical properties over time along liver (LV) meridian during chemotherapy in patients with hepatitis induced hy anti-tuherculosis chemotherapy.Design and methods: Square wave pulses (3 V x 256 psec) were applied between indifferent electrodes placed on the extensor surface of each forearm and active electrodes placed on the Well points of each meridian located near the roO( of finger-and toe-nails. T he response electric current was characterized by 3 parameters: hefore polarization (BP; initial maximum) current, after polarization (AP; final stationary) current, and integrated coulomb (lQ; total electrical charge). Measurements was made hefore and at months I, 2, 3, 4 and '5 or 6 months after starting anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Analysis was done by classifying patients into 3 groups according (() liver function.Results: The IQ value along the LU meridian was excessive on the ruberculosis-uneffected (or less severely affected) side compared to the tuberculosis-effected (or more severely affected) side hefore chemotherapy, and the IQ of the unaffected side decreased to the same level as the affected side two months after start of chemotherapy. T he IQ and BP currents of LV meridian decreased coinciding with the onset of druginduced hepatitis due (() anti-tuherculosis drugs.Conclusions: The electrical properties along the LU meridian demonstrated laterality in patients with unilateral pulmonary tuherculosis, and the electric properties along the LV meridian changed in response (() the onset of drug-induced hepatitis. These findings suggest that Ki energy flow along some meridians is altered by diseases of the corresponding organ

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN THE EXTREMITIES ALONG MERIDIANS IN PATIENTS WITH UNILATERAL PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

ABSTRACTObjectives: Electrical properties along meridians may reflect the flow of Ki energy, a type of suhtle energy. The objectives of this study were to characterize the laterality (disease versus non-disease side) of electrical properties along lung (LU) meridian in patients with unilateral pulmonary tuberculosis, and to examine the changes of the electrical properties over time along liver (LV) meridian during chemotherapy in patients with hepatitis induced hy anti-tuherculosis chemotherapy.Design and methods: Square wave pulses (3 V x 256 psec) were applied between indifferent electrodes placed on the extensor surface of each forearm and active electrodes placed on the Well points of each meridian located near the roO( of finger-and toe-nails. T he response electric current was characterized by 3 parameters: hefore polarization (BP; initial maximum) current, after polarization (AP; final stationary) current, and integrated coulomb (lQ; total electrical charge). Measurements was made hefore and at months I, 2, 3, 4 and '5 or 6 months after starting anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Analysis was done by classifying patients into 3 groups according (() liver function.Results: The IQ value along the LU meridian was excessive on the ruberculosis-uneffected (or less severely affected) side compared to the tuberculosis-effected (or more severely affected) side hefore chemotherapy, and the IQ of the unaffected side decreased to the same level as the affected side two months after start of chemotherapy. T he IQ and BP currents of LV meridian decreased coinciding with the onset of druginduced hepatitis due (() anti-tuherculosis drugs.Conclusions: The electrical properties along the LU meridian demonstrated laterality in patients with unilateral pulmonary tuherculosis, and the electric properties along the LV meridian changed in response (() the onset of drug-induced hepatitis. These findings suggest that Ki energy flow along some meridians is altered by diseases of the corresponding organ

A Field Study and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Railway Retaining Structures Damaged by the Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake (1995)

The seismic damage to embankments and retaining walls caused by the Hyogoken-nambu Earthquake (1995) was reviewed, rather focusing on railway structures. Nearly eight kilometers of damaged retaining structures were divided into five structural types, such as gravity-type walls, leaning-type walls, embankments, geo-textile-reinforced earth walls, and reinforced concrete walls, and into three categories of the damage, such as collapse, tilt, and crack. It was observed that the damage to gravity-type and leaning-type walls was greater than that to embankments, geo-textile-reinforced earth walls, and reinforced concrete walk, when they are lower than five meters. But some leaning-type walls higher than seven meters remained un-collapsed. In a smaller limited section, damage analyses of stone masonry walls of gravity type were carried out including undamaged ones. The percentage of heavy damage to stone masonry walls with slopes was nearly twice larger than that without slopes. Moreover, two-dimensional dynamic non-linear finite element analyses were performed on a gravity-type wall, a leaning-type wall, and a geo-textile-reinforced earth wall. As the results, it was pointed out that the gravity-type and leaning-type walls developed slide or gap against the backfill. But the gee-textile-reinforced earth wall developed tension in the reinforced material and it prevented the wall from leaning or sliding

Faint warm debris disks around nearby bright stars explored by AKARI and IRSF

Context: Debris disks are important observational clues for understanding planetary-system formation process. In particular, faint warm debris disks may be related to late planet formation near 1 AU. A systematic search of faint warm debris disks is necessary to reveal terrestrial planet formation. Aims: Faint warm debris disks show excess emission that peaks at mid-IR wavelengths. Thus we explore debris disks using the AKARI mid-IR all-sky point source catalog (PSC), a product of the second generation unbiased IR all-sky survey. Methods : We investigate IR excess emission for 678 isolated main-sequence stars for which there are 18 micron detections in the AKARI mid-IR all-sky catalog by comparing their fluxes with the predicted fluxes of the photospheres based on optical to near-IR fluxes and model spectra. The near-IR fluxes are first taken from the 2MASS PSC. However, 286 stars with Ks<4.5 in our sample have large flux errors in the 2MASS photometry due to saturation. Thus we have measured accurate J, H, and Ks band fluxes, applying neutral density (ND) filters for Simultaneous InfraRed Imager for Unbiased Survey (SIRIUS) on IRSF, the \phi 1.4 m near-IR telescope in South Africa, and improved the flux accuracy from 14% to 1.8% on average. Results: We identified 53 debris-disk candidates including eight new detections from our sample of 678 main-sequence stars. The detection rate of debris disks for this work is ~8%, which is comparable with those in previous works by Spitzer and Herschel. Conclusion: The importance of this study is the detection of faint warm debris disks around nearby field stars. At least nine objects have a large amount of dust for their ages, which cannot be explained by the conventional steady-state collisional cascade model.Comment: 17 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

A Preinstalled Protic Cation as a Switch for Superprotonic Conduction in a Metal–Organic Framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), made from various metal nodes and organic linkers, provide diverse research platforms for proton conduction. Here, we report on the superprotonic conduction of a Pt dimer based MOF, [Pt₂(MPC)₄Cl₂Co(DMA)(HDMA)·guest] (H₂MPC, 6-mercaptopyridine-3-carboxylic acid; DMA, dimethylamine). In this framework, a protic dimethylammonium cation (HDMA⁺) is trapped inside a pore through hydrogen bonding with an MPC ligand. Proton conductivity and X-ray measurements revealed that trapped HDMA⁺ works as a preinstalled switch, where HDMA⁺ changes its relative position and forms an effective proton-conducting pathway upon hydration, resulting in more than 105 times higher proton conductivity in comparison to that of the dehydrated form. Moreover, the anisotropy of single-crystal proton conductivity reveals the proton-conducting direction within the crystal. The present results offer insights into functional materials having a strong coupling of molecular dynamic motion and transport properties

Trigonometric distance and proper motions of H2O maser bowshocks in AFGL 5142

We present the results of multi-epoch VLBI observations of water masers in the AGFL 5142 massive star forming region. We measure an annual parallax of $\pi=0.467 \pm 0.010$ mas, corresponding to a source distance of $D=2.14^{+0.051}_{-0.049}$ kpc. Proper motion and line of sight velocities reveal the 3D kinematics of masers in this region, most of which associate with millimeter sources from the literature. In particular we find remarkable bipolar bowshocks expanding from the most massive member, AFGL 5142 MM1, which are used to investigate the physical properties of its protostellar jet. We attempt to link the known outflows in this region to possible progenitors by considering a precessing jet scenario and we discuss the episodic nature of ejections in AFGL 5142