Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs from Morus indica attenuates methylglyoxal-induced protein glycation and RBC damage: In-vitro, in-vivo and molecular docking study

The development of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) inhibitors is considered to have therapeutic potential in diabetic complications inhibiting the loss of the biomolecular function. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of Morus indica and were characterized by various techniques such as ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Further, the inhibition of AGEs formation after exposure to ZnO-NPs was investigated by in-vitro, in-vivo, and molecular docking studies. Biochemical and histopathological changes after exposure to ZnO-NPs were also studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ZnO-NPs showed an absorption peak at 359 nm with a purity of 92.62% and ~6–12 nm in size, which is characteristic of nanoparticles. The images of SEM showed agglomeration of smaller ZnO-NPs and EDS authenticating that the synthesized nanoparticles were without impurities. The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs showed significant inhibition in the formation of AGEs. The particles were effective against methylglyoxal (MGO) mediated glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by inhibiting the formation of AGEs, which was dose-dependent. Further, the presence of MGO resulted in complete damage of biconcave red blood corpuscles (RBCs) to an irregular shape, whereas the morphological changes were prevented when they were treated with ZnO-NPs leading to the prevention of complications caused due to glycation. The administration of ZnO-NPs (100 mg Kg−1) in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats reversed hyperglycemia and significantly improved hepatic enzymes level and renal functionality, also the histopathological studies revealed restoration of kidney and liver damage nearer to normal conditions. Molecular docking of BSA with ZnO-NPs confirms that masking of lysine and arginine residues is one of the possible mechanisms responsible for the potent antiglycation activity of ZnO-NPs. The findings strongly suggest scope for exploring the therapeutic potential of diabetes-related complications.Fil: Anandan, Satish. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Mahadevamurthy, Murali. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Ansari, Mohammad Azam. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Arabia SauditaFil: Alzohairy, Mohammad A.. Al Qassim University; Arabia SauditaFil: Alomary, Mohammad N.. King Abdulaziz City For Science And Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Siraj, Syeda Farha. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Nagaraja, Sarjan Halugudde. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Chikkamadaiah, Mahendra. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Ramachandrappa, Lakshmeesha Thimappa. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Krishnappa, Hemanth Kumar Naguvanahalli. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Ledesma, Ana Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos. - Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Nagaraj, Amruthesh Kestur. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Urooj, Asna. University of Mysore; Indi

A Comparative Analysis of Fluoride-Contaminated Groundwater and Sodium Fluoride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity and Its Reversibility in Male Rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of sodium fluoride (NaF)- and fluoride (F)-contaminated groundwater on male reproduction and it's reversibility in male rats. Adult male rats were orally treated with different concentrations of NaF- (1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg/kg/bw/rat) and F-contaminated groundwater for 52 days and after the confirmation of F-induced damage, the rats were allowed for recovery studies for 52 days. Exposure of NaF- and F-contaminated groundwater caused significant decline in total sperm count, sperm motility, serum concentration of testosterone, activities of testicular 3 beta-HSDH, counts of type A spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes, midpachytene spermatocytes, elongated spermatids and round spermatids, activities of testicular and spermatozoa SOD and CAT, and increase in sperm abnormality and concentration of MDA of testis and spermatozoa compared to controls. Further, significant histological alterations characterized by shrunken seminiferous tubules and degeneration of different stages of spermatogonial cells were observed in rats treated with NaF of 10 mg/kg/bw and F-contaminated groundwater Majority of parameter studied showed severe damage in 10 mg/kg/bw of NaF-treated rats compared to that of F-contaminated groundwater. Further, dose-dependent alterations were observed with increase in concentration of NaF in most of the parameters. In recovery group rats of NaF- and F-contaminated groundwater, all the parameters were restored to control levels. The present study revealed the toxic effect of NaF and F-contaminated groundwater on male reproductive system of rats and the effects induced by NaF were dose-dependent. In addition, the study clearly revealed that F-induced toxicity on male reproduction is reversible in short-term exposure

Synergistic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids (FAs) of flaxseed oil (FSO) and sesame seed oil (SSO) that are being used in traditional foods and medicine have been investigated for their various synergistic biological potencies. However, their synergistic antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties at the world health organization (WHO) recommended ratio have not been studied. Purpose: To evaluate the synergistic antidiabetic and antipidemic potentials of bioactive-fatty acids from flaxseed (FS) and sesame seeds (SS) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus Wistar albino rats. Study design: The study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo synergistic antidiabetic and antipidemic potentials of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs at 1:5 ratio from FSO and SSO in STZ-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Methods: Fifty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into 9 groups: normal control; diabetic control received streptozotocin 45 mg/kg b.w IP; diabetic groups received standard drug tolbutamide orally received 5mg/kg b.w; FSO and SSO orally administered with 250 and 350; 516 and 700 mg/kg b.w PO respectively, and FSO+SSO at 43+292 and 86+584 mg/kg b.w PO respectively. Blood glucose levels were observed on weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, biochemical factors such as the level of antioxidant enzymes, serum liver enzymes, malondialdehyde level, lipid profiles, blood parameters, and pancreas morphology were studied. Results: Twenty-eight days of the treatment significantly increased the in vivo antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), whereas, malondialdehyde (MDA) level was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the pancreas and liver. A noteworthy reduction was observed in the lipid profiles of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and also significant reduction was observed in the hematological parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and decreased blood glucose levels, while, total protein (TP), hemoglobin (Hb) and insulin levels were markedly increased in the treated rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control. Additionally, the results were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. Conclusion: The study suggested that the ω-3 and ω-6 FAs from FSO and SSO, respectively, showed potential synergistic antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects that were mainly mediated by ω-3 and ω-6 FAs present in the respective seed oils. © 2022 The Author(s)The authors gratefully acknowledge the University Grants Commission , New Delhi, India for funding this research work (Grant No. F.No.41–1280/2012(SR)