The GEO 600 laser system

Interferometric gravitational wave detectors require high optical power, single frequency lasers with very good beam quality and high amplitude and frequency stability as well as high long-term reliability as input light source. For GEO 600 a laser system with these properties is realized by a stable planar, longitudinally pumped 12 W Nd:YAG rod laser which is injection-locked to a monolithic 800 mW Nd:YAG non-planar ring oscillator. Frequency control signals from the mode cleaners are fed to the actuators of the non-planar ring oscillator which determines the frequency stability of the system. The system power stabilization acts on the slave laser pump diodes which have the largest influence on the output power. In order to gain more output power, a combined Nd:YAGNd:YVO4 system is scaled to more than 22 W

Error Estimates on Parton Density Distributions

Error estimates on parton density distributions are presently based on the traditional method of least squares minimisation and linear error propagation in global QCD fits. We review the underlying assumptions and the various mathematical representations of the method and address some technical issues encountered in such a global analysis. Parton distribution sets which contain error information are described.Comment: Latex, 12 pages, 5 figures. Needs iopart.cls and iopart12.clo. Presented at New Trends in HERA Physics 2001, Ringberg Castle, Tegernsee, Germany, June 17-22, 200

THE CHALLENEGE OF NEW APPROACHES IN BIOMECHANICS

The target of our biomechanical research is to analyze the mechanics of motion, focusing especially on the behavior of the muscle-tendon complex during dynamic human movements. In our quest to better understand human motion, we have developed the several research methodologies. In the keynote lecture, I will discuss some of the techniques we have used and what we have learned from them. Specifically I will focus on the following: 1. Ultrasonography 2. Computer Simulation 3. Optical vs Inertial Sensor Analysis

Biomechanical analysis of the relation between movement time and joint moment development during a sit-to-stand task

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Slowness of movement is a factor that may cause a decrease of quality of daily life. Mobility in the elderly and people with movement impairments may be improved by increasing the quickness of fundamental locomotor tasks. Because it has not been revealed how much muscle strength is required to improve quickness, the purpose of this study was to reveal the relation between movement time and the required muscle strength in a sit to stand (STS) task. Previous research found that the sum of the peak hip and knee joint moments was relatively invariant throughout a range of movement patterns (Yoshioka et al., 2007, Biomedical Engineering Online 6:26). The sum of the peak hip and knee joint moment is an appropriate index to evaluate the muscle strength required for an STS task, since the effect of the movement pattern variation can be reduced, that is, the results can be evaluated purely from the viewpoint of the movement times. Therefore, the sum of the peak hip and knee joint moment was used as the index to indicate the required muscle strength.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Experimental kinematics data were collected from 11 subjects. The time at which the vertical position of the right shoulder fell outside three standard deviations of the vertical positions during the static initial posture was regarded as the start time. The time at which the vertical position fell within three standard deviations of the vertical positions during static upright standing posture was regarded as the finish time. Each movement time of the experimental movements was linearly lengthened and shortened through post-processing. Combining the experimental procedure and the post-processing, movements having various movement patterns and a wide range of movement times were obtained. The joint moment and the static and inertial components of the joint moment were calculated with an inverse dynamics method. The static component reflects the gravitational and/or external forces, while the inertial component reflects the acceleration of the body.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The quantitative relation between the movement time and the sum of the peak hip and knee joint moments were obtained. As the STS movement time increased, the joint moments decreased exponentially and converged to the static component (1.51 ~ 1.54 N.m/kg). When the movement time was the longest (movement time: 7.0 seconds), the joint moments (1.57 N.m/kg) closely corresponded to the minimum of 1.53 N.m/kg as reported by Yoshioka et al..</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The key findings of this study are as follows. (1) The minimum required joint moment for an STS task is essentially equivalent to the static component of the joint moment. (2) For fast and moderate speed movements (less than 2.5 seconds), joint moments increased exponentially as the movement speed increased. (3) For slow movements greater than 2.5 seconds, the joint moments were relatively constant. The results of this STS research has practical applications, especially in rehabilitations and exercise prescription where improved movement time is an intended target, since the required muscle strength can be quantitatively estimated.</p

Properties of 10 (18)-10 (19)eV EAS at far core distance

The properties of 10 to the 18th power - 10 to the 19th power eV EAS showers such as the electron lateral distribution, the muon lateral distribution ( 1Gev), the ratio of muon density to a electron density, the shower front structure and the transition effects in scintillator of 5cm thickness are investigated with the Akeno 4 sq km/20sq km array at far core distances between 500m and 3000m. The fluctuation of densities and arrival time increase rapidly at core distances greater than 2km

Experimental verification of the tension-compression asymmetry of the flow stresses of a high strength steel sheet

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Measurement and analysis of the elastic-plastic deformation behavior of an ultra-thin austenitic stainless steel sheet subjected to in-plane reverse loading.

In order to clarify the deformation behavior of an ultra-thin austenitic stainless steel sheet (SUS301) used for manufacturing electronic parts a new testing devise is designed and built. The test material is 0.2 mm thick and has a 0.2 % proof stress of 1800 MPa. The testing apparatus is equipped with comb-type die couples to measure the stress-strain curves of the sample under tension-compression cyclic loading without buckling for a strain amplitude of 0.017. It is found that the stresses are higher in tension than in compression in the rolling direction (RD) for a strain range of lel 0.002, while in the transverse direction (TD) the stresses are higher in compression than in tension, and that the test material showed significant difference in the cyclic loading behavior between the RD and TD. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.110Ysciescopu

Experimental constraints on the astrophysical interpretation of the cosmic ray Galactic-extragalactic transition region

The energy region spanning from $\sim 10^{17}$ to $\lesssim 10^{19}$ eV is critical for understanding both, the Galactic and the extragalactic cosmic ray fluxes. This is the region where the propagation regime of nuclei inside the Galactic magnetic environment changes from diffusive to ballistic, as well as the region where, very likely, the most powerful Galactic accelerators reach their maximum output energies. In this work, a diffusion Galactic model is used to analyze the end of the Galactic cosmic ray spectrum and its mixing with the extragalactic cosmic ray flux. In particular, we study the conditions that must be met, from the spectral and composition points of view, by the Galactic and the extragalactic fluxes in order to reproduce simultaneously the total spectrum and elongation rate measured over the transition region by HiRes and Auger. Our analysis favors a mixed extragalactic spectrum in combination with a Galactic spectrum enhanced by additional high energy components, i.e., extending beyond the maximum energies expected from regular supernova remnants. The two additional components have mixed composition, with the lowest energy one heavier than the highest energy one. The potential impact on the astrophysical analysis of the assumed hadronic interaction model is also assessed in detail.Comment: 37 pages, 20 figure