First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Rot of Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa L.) in India

A rot disease was observed on onion bulbs in major growing areas of Kadapa and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, India during 2010 to 2012. Based on pathogenicity, morphology and ribosomal DNA spacer sequences, the pathogen was identified as Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg. The fungus was isolated from onion bulbs presenting purple and reddish lesions, obtaining F. proliferatum consistently. The fungus produced effuse white colonies, branched hyphae, short conidiophores, slightly curved macroconidia, and single celled microconidia measuring 5.6-10.5 X 2.0-3.5 μm in diameter. Morphological identification of the fungus was confirmed using ribosomal DNA sequence data. Kotch’s postulates were confirmed by performing pathogenicity test on healthy onion bulbs. This is the first report of F. proliferatum causing rot disease on onion bulbs in India; although it had already been reported for onion in the USA and Serbia.Keywords: Onion bulbs; Rot disease; Fusarium proliferatum; Pathogenicity; rDNA - IT

PREDICTING HEART DISEASE USING DATAMINING TECHNIQUES

Nowadays, hardihood disorder is escalating regularly by virtue of life taste, transmitted. Especially, mind disorder has develop into more popular the above-mentioned days.i.e. life of folk persecute risk.Everyone has strange beliefs for Blood influence, cholesterol and vital sign. But in line with medically proven results the healthy beliefs of Blood influence is 120/90, cholesterol is and temperature is 72. This essay gives the evaluate around extraordinary coordination techniques used for predicting the risk matched of anybody occupying on age, feminine, Blood constraint, cholesterol, vital sign. The inmate risk flatten is restricted practicing datamining allotment techniques being Naïve Bayes, KNN, Decision Tree Algorithm, Neural Network. etc., Accuracy of the risk matched is high when adopting more estimate of attributes

Development of Appropriate Fibrolytic Enzyme Combination for Maize Stover and Its Effect on Rumen Fermentation in Sheep

In vitro studies were undertaken to develop an appropriate fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising of cellulase, xylanase and β-D-glucanase for maize stover with an aim to increase its nutrient utilization in sheep. Cellulase and xylanase added individually to ground maize stover at an increasing dose rates (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 6,400, 12,800, 25,600, 32,000, 38,400, and 44,800 IU/g DM), increased (p<0.01) the in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro sugar release. The doses selected for studying the combination effect of enzymes were 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g of cellulase and 12,800 to 44,800 IU/g of xylanase. At cellulase concentration of 6,400 IU/g, IVDMD % was higher (p<0.01) at higher xylanase doses (25,600 to 44,800 IU/g). While at cellulase doses (12,800 to 32,000 IU/g), IVDMD % was higher at lower xylanase doses (12,800 and 25,600 IU/g) compared to higher xylanase doses (32,000 to 44,800 IU/g). At cellulase concentration of the 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g, the amount of sugar released increased (p<0.01) with increasing levels of xylanase concentrations except for the concentration of 44,800 IU/g. No effect of β-D-glucanase (100 to 300 IU/g) was observed at lower cellulase-xylanase dose (cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g). Based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g was selected to study its effect on feed intake and rumen fermentation pattern, conducted on 12 rams (6 to 8 months; 20.34±2.369 kg body weight) fed 50% maize stover based TMR. The total volatile fatty acids (p<0.01) and ammonia-N concentration was higher in enzyme supplemented group, while no effect was observed on dry matter intake, ruminal pH and total nitrogen concentration

Two-stage in vitro digestibility assay, a tool for formulating non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme combinations for commonly used feed ingredients of poultry rations

Aim: An attempt was made to assess the effect of pure enzyme combinations with the objective of formulating customized enzyme mixtures based on sugar release when subjected to two-stage in vitro digestion assay. Materials and Methods: A two-stage in vitro digestibility assay was carried out for commonly used feed ingredients for poultry viz., maize, soy bean meal, sunflower cake, and de-oiled rice bran supplemented with three concentrations of xylanase (5000; 7500 and 10000 IU/kg), cellulase (50; 100 and 400 IU/kg) and â-D-glucanase (100; 200 and 400 IU/kg) were used to formulate various NSP enzymes combinations. In total 27 NSP enzyme combinations (3x3x3) were formulated and the sugar released due to NSP digestion was quantified by phenol sulphuric acid method. Results: The total sugar release was significantly (P<0.05) higher with supplementation of various enzymes combinations for maize, sunflower cake and de-oiled rice bran where as no significant (P<0.05) interaction of various NSP enzymes combinations was observed for soy bean meal. The NSP digestibility was highest in combination (xylanase-5000, cellulase-50 and â-D-glucanase-400 IU/kg), (xylanase-10000, cellulase-50 and â-D-glucanase-200 IU/kg) and (xylanase-7500, cellulase- 100 and â-D-glucanase-100 IU/kg) for maize, sunflower cake and de-oiled rice bran respectively. In case of sunflower cake, significant (P<0.01) three way interaction was observed among the xylanase, cellulose, and â-D-glucanase enzymes and the two-way interactions between the enzymes were also significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that 'n' number of non-starch Polysaccharide enzymes combinations can be screened for their efficiency to digest non-starch Polysaccharides present in various feed ingredients commonly used in poultry rations by employing two-stage in vitro digestibility assay as a tool. [Vet World 2013; 6(8.000): 525-529

Key Issues in the Modes of Action and Effects of Trichloroethylene Metabolites for Liver and Kidney Tumorigenesis

Trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure has been associated with increased risk of liver and kidney cancer in both laboratory animal and epidemiologic studies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2001 draft TCE risk assessment concluded that it is difficult to determine which TCE metabolites may be responsible for these effects, the key events involved in their modes of action (MOAs), and the relevance of these MOAs to humans. In this article, which is part of a mini-monograph on key issues in the health risk assessment of TCE, we present a review of recently published scientific literature examining the effects of TCE metabolites in the context of the preceding questions. Studies of the TCE metabolites dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and chloral hydrate suggest that both DCA and TCA are involved in TCE-induced liver tumorigenesis and that many DCA effects are consistent with conditions that increase the risk of liver cancer in humans. Studies of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine have revealed a number of different possible cell signaling effects that may be related to kidney tumorigenesis at lower concentrations than those leading to cytotoxicity. Recent studies of trichloroethanol exploring an alternative hypothesis for kidney tumorigenesis have failed to establish the formation of formate as a key event for TCE-induced kidney tumors. Overall, although MOAs and key events for TCE-induced liver and kidney tumors have yet to be definitively established, these results support the likelihood that toxicity is due to multiple metabolites through several MOAs, none of which appear to be irrelevant to humans

Comparative evaluation of organic zinc supplementation as proteinate with inorganic zinc in buffalo heifers on health and immunity

Graded Murrah buffalo heifers (18) were randomly allotted to 3 dietary groups varying in source and level of Zn supplementation in concentrate mixture to study the effect of organic (O) Zn (Zn proteinate; Zn-prot) supplementation (80 or 140 ppm) compared to inorganic Zn (I) (ZnSO4) (140 ppm) on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status and ovarian folliculogenesis. Mineral and biochemical constituents in serum and antioxidant enzyme activities in haemolysate were measured on 90th d of experiment. Antibody titres (log2) against Brucella abortus S19 and chicken RBC antigens was measured in serum at 7, 14, 21 and 28th d post sensitization (humoral immunity) and cell mediated immunity was assessed (120 d) by in-vivo delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) against phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). After 60 days of feeding, ovarian folliculogenesis study was made daily with ultrasound scanner in all the animals for next 60 days. Highest Zn concentration in serum without affecting the retention of other minerals (Cu, Mn and Fe) was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation as Zn-prot and mineral concentrations was comparable between 80 ppm Zn as Zn-prot and 140 ppm Zn as ZnSO4. Alkaline phosphatase, total protein, globulin, and glucose concentrations in serum increased with organic Zn supplementation. Organic Zn lowered lipid peroxidation (140O80O>140I) activities. Antibody titres against B. abortus and chicken RBC and in vivo DTH response improved with organic Zn supplementation. Similarly, irrespective of the dose, organic Zn supplementation significantly increased the number of large follicle with greater follicular size in ovary. The study indicated that 140 ppm Zn supplementation as Zn-prot resulted in better antioxidant status, immune response and folliculogenesis in ovaries than inorganic source and the Zn supplementation could be reduced from 140 to 80 ppm as Zn-prot without any adverse effect in buffalo heifers

Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioactivity evaluation of sulfonamide derivatives of p-nitrobenzene sulfonylchloride

1375-1383A simple and convenient method for the synthesis of biologically active sulfonamide derivatives of p-nitrobenzene sulfonylchloride has been achieved. All the title compounds have been characterized by spectral and elemental analysis. They have been further screened in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the compounds show good to moderate activity against both bacteria and fungi when compared with standard bactericide, Streptomycin and fungicide, Nystatin

Novel transcribed regions in the human genome

We have used genomic tiling arrays to identify transcribed regions throughout the human genome. Analysis of the mapping results of RNA isolated from five cell/tissue types, NB4 cells, NB4 cells treated with retinoic acid (RA), NB4 cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA), neutrophils, and placenta, throughout the ENCODE region reveals a large number of novel transcribed regions. Interestingly, neutrophils exhibit a great deal of novel expression in several intronic regions. Comparison of the hybridization results of NB4 cells treated with different stimuli relative to untreated cells reveals that many new regions are expressed upon cell differentiation. One such region is the Hox locus, which contains a large number of novel regions expressed in a number of cell types. Analysis of the trinucleotide composition of the novel transcribed regions reveals that it is similar to that of known exons. These results suggest that many of the novel transcribed regions may have a functional role. Copyright 2006, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press © 2006 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

IL-22 mediates goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in intestinal helminth infection.

Type 2 immune responses are essential in protection against intestinal helminth infections. In this study we show that IL-22, a cytokine important in defence against bacterial infections in the intestinal tract, is also a critical mediator of anti-helminth immunity. After infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a rodent hookworm, IL-22-deficient mice showed impaired worm expulsion despite normal levels of type 2 cytokine production. The impaired worm expulsion correlated with reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and reduced expression of goblet cell markers. We further confirmed our findings in a second nematode model, the murine whipworm Trichuris muris. T.muris infected IL-22-deficient mice had a similar phenotype to that seen in N.brasiliensis infection, with impaired worm expulsion and reduced goblet cell hyperplasia. Ex vivo and in vitro analysis demonstrated that IL-22 is able to directly induce the expression of several goblet cell markers, including mucins. Taken together, our findings reveal that IL-22 plays an important role in goblet cell activation, and thus, a key role in anti-helminth immunity