27 research outputs found
Développements en analyse génétique du comportement humain : application de l'analyse hiérarchique multi-niveau au devis de jumeaux
ThÚse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal
Geneâenvironment interplay in the link of friendsâ and non-friendsâ behaviors with childrenâs social reticence in a competitive situation
This study used a genetically informed design to assess the effects of friendsâ and nonfriendsâ reticent and dominant behaviors on childrenâs observed social reticence in a competitive situation. Potential geneâenvironment correlations (rGE) and geneâenvironment interactions (GxE) in the link between (a) friendsâ and nonfriendsâ behaviors and (b) childrenâs social reticence were examined. The sample comprised 466 twin children (i.e., the target children), each of whom was assessed in kindergarten together with a same-sex friend and two nonfriend classmates of either sex. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that children with a genetic disposition for social reticence showed more reticent behavior in the competitive situation and were more likely to affiliate with reticent friends (i.e., rGE). Moreover, a higher level of childrenâs reticent behavior was predicted by their friendsâ higher social reticence (particularly for girls) and their friendsâ higher social dominance, independently of childrenâs genetic disposition. Childrenâs social reticence was also predicted by their nonfriendsâ behaviors. Specifically, children were less reticent when male nonfriends showed high levels of social reticence in the competitive situation, and this was particularly true for children with a genetic disposition for social reticence (i.e., GxE). Moreover, children genetically vulnerable for social reticence seemed to foster dominant behavior in their female nonfriend peers (i.e., rGE). In turn, male nonfriends seemed to be more dominant as soon as the target children were reticent, even if the target children did not have a stable genetic disposition for this behavior
Phenotypic and genetic associations between reading comprehension, decoding skills, and ADHD dimensions : evidence from two population-based studies
BACKGROUND:
The phenotypic and genetic associations between decoding skills and ADHD dimensions have been documented but less is known about the association with reading comprehension. The aim of the study is to document the phenotypic and genetic associations between reading comprehension and ADHD dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in early schooling and compare them to those with decoding skills.
METHODS:
Data were collected in two population-based samples of twins (Quebec Newborn Twin Study - QNTS) and singletons (Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development - QLSCD) totaling â 2300 children. Reading was assessed with normed measures in second or third grade. Teachers assessed ADHD dimensions in kindergarten and first grade.
RESULTS:
Both decoding and reading comprehension were correlated with ADHD dimensions in a similar way: associations with inattention remained after controlling for the other ADHD dimension, behavior disorder symptoms and nonverbal abilities, whereas associations with hyperactivity/impulsivity did not. Genetic modeling showed that decoding and comprehension largely shared the same genetic etiology at this age and that their associations with inattention were mostly explained by shared genetic influences.
CONCLUSION:
Both reading comprehension and decoding are uniquely associated with inattention through a shared genetic etiology
Prenatal, concurrent, and sex-specific associations between blood lead concentrations and IQ in preschool Canadian children
Background: Lead exposure predicts altered neurodevelopment and lower intelligence quotient (IQ) in children,
but few studies have examined this association in children who have relatively low blood lead concentrations.
Objectives: To test the associations between blood lead concentrations and cognitive function in Canadian
preschoolers, with a possible moderation by sex.
Methods: The data were gathered from 609 mother-child pairs from the MaternalâInfant Research on
Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Lead was measured in umbilical and maternal blood, and in children's
venous blood at age 3â4 years. Cognitive function was measured with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale
of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) at 3â4 years. We tested the relationship between WPPSI-III scores and blood lead
concentrations with multiple linear regression, adding child sex as a moderator.
Results: Median blood lead concentrations for the mother at 1st trimester and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and for
cord and child blood were 0.60 ÎŒg/dL, 0.58 ÎŒg/dL, 0.79 ÎŒg/dL and 0.67 ÎŒg/dL, respectively. We found no association between cord blood lead concentrations and WPPSI-III scores in multivariable analyses. However, cord
blood lead concentrations showed a negative association with Performance IQ in boys but not in girls (B = 3.44;
SE = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.82, 5.98). No associations were found between WPPSI-III scores and prenatal maternal
blood or concurrent child blood lead concentrations.
Conclusions: Prenatal blood lead concentrations below 5 ÎŒg/dL were still associated with a decline in cognitive
function in this Canadian cohort, but only for boys
Le numérique : une culture genrée : études et recherches
Comprend des références bibliographiques
Les discours sur le temps dâĂ©cranâ: valeurs sociales et Ă©tudes scientifiques
Comprend des rĂ©fĂ©rences bibliographiques.Ce document prĂ©paratoire pour le Rapport sur lâĂ©tat et les besoins de lâĂ©ducation portant sur le numĂ©rique, lequel paraĂźtra Ă la fin de lâannĂ©e 2020, fait Ă©tat des plus rĂ©centes recensions dâĂ©crits scientifiques sur les associations entre le temps dâexposition aux Ă©crans et diffĂ©rents aspects du dĂ©veloppement des enfants et des jeunes. Il compare le discours scientifique Ă un discours plus ancien de rĂ©sistance aux mĂ©dias, fondĂ© sur des valeurs.
ThÚmes abordés :
* Contexte historique du discours de résistance aux médias
* Recensions des Ă©crits scientifiques sur le temps dâexposition aux Ă©crans
* Convergence et divergence du discours scientifique et du discours de la résistance aux médias
* Recommandations des associations de pédiatres et des organismes de santé publiques dans différents pay
Ecrire un article scientifique en anglais: guide de rédaction dans la langue de Darwin
Câest bien connu, les Ă©tudiants universitaires francophones prĂ©fĂšrent Ă©crire dans leur langue maternelle. VoilĂ pourtant quâon leur recommande de publier leurs rĂ©sultats de recherche dans des revues savantes anglaises. Lâeffort supplĂ©mentaire en vaut-il la peine ? Absolument ! Pour rejoindre la communautĂ© scientifique, il faut en maĂźtriser la langue. Et ce nâest pas tout. En plus dâĂȘtre rĂ©digĂ© en anglais, votre article devra ĂȘtre clair, bien Ă©crit et impeccablement structurĂ© pour passer lâĂ©preuve de la rĂ©vision scientifique, puis ĂȘtre enfin publiĂ© dans une revue respectable. Commencez-vous Ă sentir la pression ? Vous vous apercevrez que lâanglais scientifique est un langage particulier que mĂȘme les anglophones doivent acquĂ©rir. Lâanglais des sciences nâest pas exactement la langue de Shakespeare dans sa forme et ses fonctions; je prĂ©fĂšre lâappeler la langue de Darwin. Câest pour en apprendre le style et les codes que je vous propose ce guide de rĂ©daction
Diversifier les stages de formation en enseignement pour rĂ©pondre aux besoins diffĂ©renciĂ©s des futures enseignantes et des futurs enseignants : Le point de vue du Conseil supĂ©rieur de lâĂ©ducation
Le Conseil supĂ©rieur de lâĂ©ducation a analysĂ© la concordance entre les besoins de
formation en enseignement et les voies de formation existantes, incluant les stages et la
formation pratique. Il a dĂ©montrĂ© que trois grands groupes de personnes aspirent Ă
lâenseignement au QuĂ©bec : celles qui en font leur premier choix de carriĂšre, celles qui en
font un second choix de carriÚre et celles qui ont reçu une formation hors du Canada. Les
stages qui leur sont offerts Ă lâheure actuelle augmentent les risques de prĂ©caritĂ©
financiÚre, ne permettent pas la reconnaissance des acquis et des compétences des personnes
en reconversion de carriĂšre et nâoffrent pas systĂ©matiquement un accompagnement adĂ©quat aux
personnes formées hors du Canada. Dans son plus récent rapport, le Conseil émet plusieurs
recommandations pour améliorer la correspondance entre les besoins de formation pratique en
enseignement et les voies de formation
Household overcrowding and psychological distress among Nunavik Inuit adolescents: a longitudinal study
About half of Nunavik Inuit live in overcrowded households compared to very few Canadians from the general population. Living in overcrowded households is associated with greater risks of suffering from mental health problems for Canadian adolescents. The present work aims at studying prospectively the hypothesised relationship between household overcrowding at childhood and psychological distress during adolescence among Nunavik Inuit, as well as the hypothesised relationship between these phenomena when they are both measure at adolescence. Recruited as part of the Nunavik Child Development Study, 220 participants were met at 11 years old in average and then when they were 18 years old in average. Household overcrowding was assessed using the people per room ratio. Psychological distress symptoms were operationalised at adolescence using depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts. The results did not show that childhood household crowding had a long-term effect on psychological distress. An absence of moderation by sex of the association was also found in the present study. Despite those results, household crowding could be a risk factor only when in interaction with other elements related with poverty or housing or could be experienced as a difficulty for adolescents on other aspects than depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts
Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and predisposition to frustration at 7 months : results from the MIREC study
Background: Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been associated with cognitive
deficits and behavioral problems in children. To date, no study has examined this exposure in association with
neurobehavioral development in infants younger than 12 months assessed with observational tasks.
Objectives: This study examined the relation between prenatal PBDE concentrations and predisposition to
frustration, assessed by the arm restraint task (ART), in Canadian infants.
Methods: In a prospective longitudinal study conducted in Canada, exposure to nine PBDE congeners was
measured in maternal plasma during the first trimester of pregnancy. The ART was used to measure predisposition to frustration in infancy (N = 333; mean age = 6.9 months), as assessed by negative vocalizations
(crying and screaming) and physical reactivity (discomfort movements).
Results: Maternal plasma PBDE-47 concentrations collected during pregnancy were associated with negative
vocalizations using the ART (adjusted Relative Risk [aRR] = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.09). Prenatal PBDE-99
concentrations during pregnancy were also related to a shift to the left in the tail of the distribution of onset of
negative vocalizations as measured by a decrease of 38 s (95% CI: â78.1, 1.3) in the 75th quantile of the
distribution for infants whose mothers had detectable levels of PBDE-99 compared to infants of mothers with
undetectable levels. Similarly, infants whose mothers had detectable levels of PBDE-100 showed an increase of
24.1 s (95% CI: 4.1, 44.1) in the 75th quantile of the distribution of proportion of time in negative vocalizations
compared with infants of mothers with undetectable levels. Finally, the association between PBDE-47 and PBDE153, and physical reactivity was significantly modified by sex (p < 0.1), with opposite patterns in girls and
boys.
Conclusions: Prenatal exposure to PBDEs was associated with increased incidence of crying and screaming with
delayed onset of discomfort movement, which may indicate a predisposition to frustration and lack of habituation in infants younger than 12 months from the general populatio