Analysis of Primary Surgery and Medical Treatment in the Management of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Background: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of medical and surgical treatment for management of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: Study included a total of 32 patients with 60 eyes, who were divided into two groups. 31 eyes were included in group A and were given medical treatment. 29 eyes were included in group B and were managed with primary surgery (Trabeculectomy). Results: The IOP was controlled in group A with one drug in 62.5% (n=10), with two drugs in 25% (n=4)and with three drugs in 6.25% (n=1). The IOP of group B patients was controlled by surgery alone in 81.25% (n=13) and with surgery and drugs in 18.75% (n=3). P values were found to be constantly less than 0.001. Conclusion: Primary surgery i.e. trabeculectomy is a superior modality of treatment for POAG as compared to medical therapy as it is cost-effective, IOP control is uniform and compliance is not a problem

Synthesis of some Heterocyclic compounds bearing Coumarin nucleus and their Anti-inflammatory activity

Starting from 6-amino-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one 1, a series of some new heterocyclic compounds (2-14) incorporating coumarin moiety was synthesized and assessed for their anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method. The tested coumarin derivatives reduce the edema volume and serum levels of the pro inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, and have effects on promoting production of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10

Islamic legal maxims analysis on orthognathic surgery and treatment

Medical treatment by Muslim doctors will sometimes be influenced by Islamic law and ethics rather than solely medical consideration. Muslim patient’s sometimes need reassurance that modern medicine that offered to them is also acceptable by Islamic law. Orthognathic deformities are condition which associated with discrepancies of the jaw. These deformities resulted from different rates of growth of the maxilla, the mandible or both. Performing cosmetic surgery seems to change the creation of Allah and the original law of changing Allah’s creation is prohibited. In assessing the orthognathic surgery law for patients with this dentofacial defect, the researcher found that the main issues that need to be investigated are the difficulties existed (Masyaqqah) and the level of patient harm in addition to the intention or purpose of performing orthognathic surgery. However, according to the principles of the Islamic jurisprudence, orthognathic surgery is permitted based on the principles such as ad-darar yuzal, al-musyaqqah tajlibu al-taisir, al-darurat tuqaddiru biqadaruha, irtikab akhaf al-dhararain, al-darurat tubihu mahzurat and al-umur bimaqasidiha. Orthognathic surgery can be done because the purpose is to treat defects and restore function. This objective is very consistent with the fiqh rules that stated, every harm and distress should be eliminated

Islam and technological development in Malaysia’s health care: an Islamic legal basis analysis of dental materials used in periodontal therapy

Human life is constantly evolving and technology helps with the advancement. In many Muslim societies such as in Malaysia, halal and haram issue is a sensitive concern not only not only with regard to foods but also medical materials and devices. Many medical issues highlighted involve the use of drugs mixed with non-halal materials or impurities such as pigs, carcasses and corpses. The use of drugs is also an issue in the field of dental treatment such as Biogide®, EmdoGain® and Bio-Oss®. The absence of a fiqh principle model for dental treatment, especially involving these materials complicates doctors’ treatment of patients in order to know whether these substances are authorized by Islamic rules or otherwise. This study analyses guidelines used in the application of drug and medical devices derived from non-halal materials. The approach used in this study is based on a study of the Quran, Sunnah, views of the Ulama' and the analysis of contemporary fatwas. The results show that the use of non-halal devices in dental treatment is prohibited except in emergencies. The use of non-halal materials is also prohibited if the recovery is medically dubious. Advice of pious Muslim doctors is also demanded before treatment

Antibacterial activity of phyto-mediated silver nanoparticles developed from Melia azedarach

BACKGROUNDː Nanoparticles formed by plant extracts present a good alternative of existing antibiotics to compete with the resistant strains of bacteria. Antioxidants present in plants synthesize the nanoparticles from metal salt and also cap them.METHODSː In the present study, Melia azedarach fresh leaves were extracted with water. These extracts were reduced by adding silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution separately. Plant extract in different concentration was used to develop nanoparticles with constant strength of salt solution. Color change of extracts represented the development of silver nanoparticles due to reduction of silver ions to form silver nanoparticles. Absorbance of reaction mixtures were determined by UV Vis spectrophotometry. Further antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles was tested against Borditella pertussis and Xanthomonas axonopodis by agar well diffusion method.RESULTSː Maximum absorbance was noticed between 400-500 nm. EDX analysis proved the presence of silver ions and SEM analysis showed size and shape of nanoparticles (105 nm). Silver nanoparticles developed from water extract of M. azedarach exhibited maximum inhibition zones (25.4±0.36) and (47.2±0.25) against Borditella pertussis and Xanthomonas axonopodis respectively.CONCLUSIONSː The conclusion was established that silver nanoparticles from M. azedarach revealed enhanced antibacterial activity with comparison to pure plant extract and silver nitrate solution and can be used in different antibacterial products.</p

[Orofasial Clock: A Guide Principles in Treatment Planning] Klef Orafasial: Panduan Prinsip Fiqh dalam Perancangan Rawatan

Al-Quran and Hadith is the paramount reference for problems solving, regardless of the place, condition and time range. Texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah mostly are of general in nature to facilitate its application in the general principles and substitute issues of laws. These general principles will ease the legal fiqh consideration in the clinical management of Orofacial Cleft. Orofacial Cleft is craniofacial birth defects involving every 700 - 1000 live births. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current fatwas in the treatment of Orofacial Cleft and discuss the principles of fiqh related to Orofacial Cleft that can be used as guidance for the medical and dental practitioners. Information regarding these issues is gathered through the study of fatwas, books of fiqh and medicine as well as reference to scholars of fiqh and Orofacial Cleft. As a conclussion, the principles of fiqh including Al-Darurat Tubihu al-Mahzurat, Al-Darurat Tuqaddaru Biqadariha and Al-Umur Bimaqasidiha are applicable as guideline in the treatment of Orofacial Cleft. &nbsp; Al-Quran dan Hadith merupakan asas terbaik dalam menyelesaikan semua permasalahan tanpa mengira tempat, keadaan dan jangkauan masa. Nas-nas al-Quran dan Sunnah kebanyakannya bersifat umum bagi memudahkan untuk dijadikannya sebagai prinsip umum dan hukum-hukum cadangan akan diletakkan di bawah prinsip tersebut. Prinsip-prinsip umum ini akan memudahkan pengelasan hukum bagi kes-kes yang terkini termasuklah berkaitan dengan rawatan Klef Orofasial. Klef Orofasial atau dikenali sebagai sumbing merupakan kecacatan kelahiran kraniofasial yang lazim berlaku di mana kecacatan ini melibatkan satu dalam setiap 700 - 1000 kelahiran bayi. Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk meneliti fatwa-fatwa semasa dan prinsip-prinsip fiqh berkaitan Klef Orofasial yang boleh dijadikan panduan kepada para pengamal perubatan dan pergigian. Metodologi kajian ini dilakukan dengan cara analisa terhadap fatwa-fatwa, buku-buku fiqh dan perubatan serta pandangan ulamak fiqh dan pakar pergigian berkaitan Klef Orofasial. Hasilnya prinsip-prinsip fiqh yang digunakan berkaitan dengan keharusan dan batasan ketika melakukan rawatan Klef Orofasial ialah Al-Darurat Tubihu al-Mahzurat, Al-Darurat Tuqaddaru Biqadariha dan Al-Umur Bimaqasidiha. &nbsp

Context-led capacity building in time of crisis: fostering non-communicable diseases (NCD) research skills in the Mediterranean Middle East and North Africa.

BACKGROUND: This paper examines one EC-funded multinational project (RESCAP-MED), with a focus on research capacity building (RCB) concerning non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Mediterranean Middle East and North Africa. By the project's end (2015), the entire region was engulfed in crisis. OBJECTIVE: Designed before this crisis developed in 2011, the primary purpose of RESCAP-MED was to foster methodological skills needed to conduct multi-disciplinary research on NCDs and their social determinants. RESCAP-MED also sought to consolidate regional networks for future collaboration, and to boost existing regional policy engagement in the region on the NCD challenge. This analysis examines the scope and sustainability of RCB conducted in a context of intensifying political turmoil. METHODS: RESCAP-MED linked two sets of activities. The first was a framework for training early- and mid-career researchers through discipline-based and writing workshops, plus short fellowships for sustained mentoring. The second integrated public-facing activities designed to raise the profile of the NCD burden in the region, and its implications for policymakers at national level. Key to this were two conferences to showcase regional research on NCDs, and the development of an e-learning resource (NETPH). RESULTS: Seven discipline-based workshops (with 113 participants) and 6 workshops to develop writing skills (84 participants) were held, with 18 fellowship visits. The 2 symposia in Istanbul and Beirut attracted 280 participants. Yet the developing political crisis tagged each activity with a series of logistical challenges, none of which was initially envisaged. The immediacy of the crisis inevitably deflected from policy attention to the challenges of NCDs. CONCLUSIONS: This programme to strengthen research capacity for one priority area of global public health took place as a narrow window of political opportunity was closing. The key lessons concern issues of sustainability and the paramount importance of responsively shaping a context-driven RCB

Using the Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing Techniques for mapping the groundwater potential zones in Kg Timbang Dayang, Kota Belud, Sabah

The growing demand for groundwater is due to several reasons such as the increment of population, agriculture, pollution, industrialization and urbanization. This study aims to map the groundwater potential zones by using the Geographical Information System (GIS) with remote sensing techniques in the study area. The study area is located at Kg Timbang Dayang and its surrounding at Kota Belud, Sabah. Eight parameters were studied that affect the occurrence of groundwater in the study area. Those parameters are obtained from existing maps, remote sensing imagery and associated databases. The parameters are; lithology, rainfall distribution, drainage density, lineament density, soil types, elevation, slope steepness and landuse. All these parameters will be used to create the thematic maps based on the given weightage values. Finally, all the thematic maps will be integrated to produce the final groundwater potential map of the study area. The groundwater potential map is classified into three categories which are low, moderate and high

Exploring the Properties of Recycled Tyre Rubber for Flexible Asphalt Pavement

In consideration of the issue related to the poor performance of asphalt pavements against climatic stresses and the need to contribute to the solution of the ever-increasing environmental hazards, the study paved the way for the recognition of using waste tyre as an asphalt binder modifier for pavement construction to settle the rising issue on waste disposal, while also improving the pavement properties.A series of experiments were conducted using different levels of recycled tyre rubber (RTR) substituted in asphalt binder. Marshall Stability and Marshall Immersion test were selected as basis to evaluate the properties. The results of experiments conducted on Marshall Mix samples demonstrated that stability of the pavements increased in a quadratic fashion with increasing fraction of RTR, and were found to be maximum at 10% rubber in asphalt mix, contributing an average enhancement of approximately 35% as compared to the conventional pavements. Furthermore, retained stability of samples was found to increase with increasing ratio of rubber substituted, making it a suitable candidate for modification in highly humid and rainy areas