Reproductive phenology of a northeast Brazilian mangrove community: Environmental and biotic constraints

Brazil has the third largest area of mangrove in the world, which is widely threatened by anthropogenic pressures. We carried out the first long-term phenological study investigating whether environment and competition for pollinators shape the reproduction of a western mangrove community in Brazil, and provide new information for mangrove conservation. We monitored monthly the flowering and fruiting of Avicennia schaueriana, Conocarpus erectus, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle, the only species composing this mangrove community. We applied circular statistics to detect seasonal trends, null models to test for aggregated, staggered or random flowering patterns, performed correlations between phenophases and climate, and calculated intra-specific phenological synchrony. Each species presented a different flowering pattern, from brief annual to continuous and from regular to irregular, resulting in a bimodal pattern at community level. Fruiting was annual or continuous and seasonally unimodal at community level. Precipitation showed the strongest correlation with reproduction for all species, except L. racemosa. Flowering was randomly distributed among species sharing pollinators and each species presented high intra-specific synchrony. The studied mangrove showed a diversity of flowering patterns despite the low number of species. Annual to sub-annual sequential flowering were prevalent, sustaining the pollinators of species all the year long, while the wind-pollinated species flowered continuously. We provide strong evidence that daylength, rainfall and temperature are driving the flowering and fruiting rhythm of these mangrove species. (c) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Fenologia reprodutiva e sistema de polinização de Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): atuação de Apis mellifera e de visitantes florais autóctones como polinizadores Reproductive phenology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): the role of Apis mellifera and autochthonous floral visitors as pollinators

(Fenologia reprodutiva e sistema de polinização de Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): atuação de Apis mellifera e de visitantes florais autóctones como polinizadores). Ziziphus joazeiro é uma espécie endêmica da Caatinga, com grande utilidade econômica, cuja biologia reprodutiva é pouco conhecida. Este estudo aborda a fenologia reprodutiva, a biologia floral e o sistema de polinização de Ziziphus joazeiro no Cariri Paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Os períodos de floração e de frutificação ocorreram no fim da estação seca e início da chuvosa, com picos nos meses de dezembro (floração) e fevereiro (frutificação). As flores são do tipo disco, esverdeadas, duram cerca de 12 horas e possuem disco nectarífero largo e amarelo, o qual circunda o gineceu. Ocorre protandria associada a outro tipo de dicogamia, a heterodicogamia. Ziziphus joazeiro produz néctar em pequena quantidade (1 µl), com alta concentração de açúcares (75%). Os visitantes florais observados foram vespas, abelhas e moscas. Apis mellifera apresentou maior freqüência de visitas (77,5%), seguida pelo grupo das vespas (20,4%), ambos considerados polinizadores efetivos. As moscas e as outras espécies de abelhas apresentaram baixo percentual de visitas (2,1%) e foram consideradas pilhadoras de néctar. A elevada taxa de desenvolvimento inicial de frutos por inflorescência pode sugerir alta eficiência dos polinizadores, uma vez que o mecanismo de dicogamia presente na espécie praticamente impede a ocorrência de autopolinização espontânea e de geitonogamia.<br>(Reproductive phenology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): the role of Apis mellifera and autochthonous floral visitors as pollinators). Ziziphus joazeiro is an endemic species of the Caatinga with great economic importance, whose reproductive biology is poorly understood. This paper analyses the reproductive phenology, floral biology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro at Cariri Paraibano, northeastern Brazil. Flowering and fruiting periods occurred at the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season, with peaks in December (flowering) and February (fruiting). The green, dish-shaped flowers last about 12 hours and have a large yellow nectary surrounding the gynoecium. Protandry occurs associated with heterodichogamy, another type of dichogamy. Ziziphus joazeiro produces little nectar (1 µl) but with a high sugar concentration (75%). Floral visitors were wasps, bees and flies. Apis mellifera had the highest frequency of visits (77.5%), followed by wasps (20.4%), both acting as effective pollinators. Flies and other bee species had a lower percentage of visits (2.1%) and acted as nectar robbers. The high rate of initial fruit development per inflorescence suggests high pollinator efficiency, since the dichogamic mechanism prevents the occurrence of spontaneous self-pollination and geitonogamy